Definitions Unit 1

Question 1

Amenorrhea

Answer 1

The absence of a menstrual period over at least three menstrual periods. This is usually caused by excessive exercise leading to lower body fat levels in women. Without adequate food consumption, the pituitary gland’s secretion of estrogen will be disrupted and lead to a lack of a menstrual periods.

Question 2

Deamination

Answer 2

removal of amino group from the AA molecule, with remaining carbon skeleton converting to a carbohydrate or lipid or being used for energy.

Question 3

Endogenous Cholesterol

Answer 3

Cholesterol exists only in animals and is considered a lipid, found in plasma membranes of animals.
Endogenous cholesterol is synthesized within the body

Question 4

Exogenous Cholesterol

Answer 4

Cholesterol exists only in animals and is considered a lipid, found in plasma membranes of animals.
Exogenous cholesterol is obtained through food intake

Question 5

Free radical

Answer 5

Oxygen atoms need 8 electrons to be happy and balanced. When an oxygen is missing and electron it becomes a FR. Chemical reactions in the body are the causes of these intermediate products. This is dangerous.

Oxygen looks for another one, sees an electron from a cell wall and takes it, one FR after another does this. Cell wall becomes hard and mest up. This is called lipid peroxidation. Cell wall does not work right and is permanently damaged.

Question 6

Glucagon

Answer 6

If blood sugar decreases below normal (hypoglycemia) the pancreas’ alpha (a) cells secrete Glucagon. Known as the insulin antagonist hormone, blood glucose increases when glucagon stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 7

Glucogenesis

Answer 7

Synthesizing glycogen from glucose. Is the metabolic process of taking extra glucose and converting it to a storage form in glycogen. Glycogen can be stored in muscles and liver.

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

Glucose synthesis largely from structural components of non-carbohydrate nutrients (protein -> glucose) process of making energy from other non energy components

Question 9

Glycogenolysis

Answer 9

Metabolic process of taking glycogen and breaking it down to glucose. Taking carbohydrates form of storage and turning it into energy. Opposite of glucogenesis

Question 10

Glycemic index

Answer 10

serves as a relative(qualitative) indicator of carbohydrates ability to increase blood glucose levels. 50g of glucose compared to 50g of a food over a 2 hr period and the change in blood glucose levels. Glucose=100 and food=45 means that food spikes blood sugar concentration 45% of the 100% glucose

Question 11

Hypoglycemia

Answer 11

Blood sugar stays between a certain level of homeostasis and when it drops below that level that means the amount of blood glucose is to low and a person experience low energy. It is a decrease in blood sugar levels. Can be caused by not eating (malnourished).

Question 12

Hyperglycemia

Answer 12

An increase in blood sugar levels from its normal homeostatic level. This can be caused by eating, especially refined sugars and large amounts of carbohydrates. Insulin helps bring that blood glucose level back to normal by binding to glucose and taking it to muscle cells, “gate keepers”

Question 13

Hyponatremia

Answer 13

Consuming more than 9.5 L can produce hyponatremia or water intoxication, a condition related to dilution of the body’s normal sodium concentration

Question 14

Insulin

Answer 14

Stored in beta cells in the pancreas. When blood glucose spikes, insulin is secreted from those beta cells into the blood and bind to glucose and take it either to the liver or to the muscles “gate keeper”.

Question 15

Lipoprotein

Answer 15

Any protein bond to lipid in order to transport it throughout the body

Question 16

Hyponatremia

Na+

Answer 16

Low sodium levels in the blood

Question 17

Android obesity

Answer 17

Fat stored in the abdominal region

Question 18

Gynoid obesity

Answer 18

Fat stored mainly in the gluteal and femoral region

Question 19

Lepton

Answer 19

Hormone like protein that is secreted by the hypothalamus that tells you your full.

Question 20

Essential fat

Answer 20

Consists of fat in the hart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, all organs basically, muscles, intestine, and CNS

Question 21

Oxidative stress

Answer 21

Build up of Free Radicals increases the potential for cellular damage to biologically important structures. Free Radicals steal electrons from other cells and damage can be permanent.

Question 22

Transamination

Answer 22

Nitrogen is removed from an amino acid and is given to an acceptor amino acid which becomes a new amino acid. This allows amino acids to form from non nitrogen carrying organic compounds generated in metabolism.

Question 23

Electrolyte

Answer 23

Minerals that are dissolved in the body as electorally charged ion particles. Electrolytes regulate fluid movement within the body’s different fluid compartments. This allows for a constant, well regulated exchange of nutrients and waste products between the cell and its external fluid environment.

Question 24

Lipid per oxidation

Answer 24

Membrane damage occurs through a series of change reactions. These reactions, which incorporate oxygen into lipids increase the vulnerability of the cell and it’s constituents.

Question 25

Hyperplasia

Answer 25

The multiply or proliferation if cells. It may deal with gross enlargement of an organ.

Question 26

Fat cell hyper trophy

Answer 26

Increased size/volume of the fat cell due to it enlargement if cell components