Ch. 2 Nutrition & Energy Flashcards
What 3 macronutrients that are consumed daily supply the body with energy to maintain bodily functions during rest and physical activities?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Macronutrients
They are energy/fuel for the body and the building blocks for tissue synthesis
The macronutrients purpose in the body is too…
Help maintain and enhance the organism’s structural and functional integrity with exercise
T/F
All living cells contain carbohydrates
Tru
Plant sources provide all of the dietary carbohydrates but what 2 exceptions?
Lactose and small amount of glycogen
Each obtained in animal tissues
What atoms combine to form a carbohydrate and what is the ratio?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Always in a ratio of 1 carbon atom 2 hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom
What is another name for a carbohydrate and what formula represents a simple carcohydrate?
Sugar molecule
CH2On
What does n equal and ranges from?
Represents the # of carbons in the carbohydrate and it ranges from 3-7 carbon atoms
What forms the basic unit of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
What determines a carbohydrates category?
The molecules # of carbon atoms
The Greek name for this number(number of carbon atoms in a carbohydrate), ending with “______” indicates _______.
“Ose”
Sugars
Names for the monosaccharides by number:
3-7
3=tri 4=tetr 5=pent 6=hex 7=hept *all ending with "ose"
What three monosaccharides represent the nutritionally important monos??
The hexose sugars:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Names for glucose and its molecule name and pieces?
Dextrose or blood sugar
C6H12O6
How does glucose form?
It occurs where?
Forms when energy from the sunlight interacts with water, carbon dioxide, and the green pigment chlorophyl.
Occurs naturally in food OR produced through the digestion (hydrolysis) of more complex carbohydrates.
What are the functions of glucose?
After absorption by small intestine, glucose fx…
- Used directly by cell for energy
- Stored as glycogen in muscle and liver
- Converted to fats for energy storage
- Provide skeletons to synthesize non-essential amino acids
Fruits & honey are the main source of _____. Other names include?
Fructose
Levulose OR fruit sugar
What is the sweetest of the monosaccharides?
Fructose
One function of fructose?
Small intestine absorbs some fructose directly into blood, and liver converts it to glucose. What are the functions of glucose again??
T/F
Galactose does exist freely in nature.
False, it forms milk sugar (lactose) in the mammary glands of lactating animals
Functions of galactose?
- Forms lactose (milk sugar) in mammary glands of lactating animals
- In the body, freely converts to glucose for energy metabolism
* this doesn’t occur freely in nature.
Main emphasis with monosaccharides?
Everything so far converts into glucose at some point. Get glucose’s functions down.
What is a disaccharide or double sugar?
Combination of 2 monosaccharide molecules
What molecules make up the simple sugars group?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
What is the principle component of disaccharides?
Each contain glucose as a principle component.
Sucrose=?
What makes sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Found in beet sugars, cane sugars, brown sugars, maple syrup, and honey
What is the most common dietary disaccharide?
What is its chemical name?
Sucrose
C12H22O11
Lactose=?
What makes lactose
Found where?
Glucose + galactose
Found in milk
Maltose=?
What makes maltose
Glucose + glucose
Found in beer cereal, germinating seeds
What are the plant polysaccharides?
Starch and fiber
What is the storage form of a polysaccharide?
Starch
It appears as small granules of sugar molecules joined together
Complex carbohydrate is another name for?
Starch
Fiber is classified as a non starch and includes what other molecule in its structure?
Cellulose
Fiber is found exclusively where?
In fruits, vegetables, seeds, roots
Animal polysaccharides have three different process that they deal with, what are they??
Glucogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glucogenesis
Hundreds of glucose molecules combine to form glycogen which is a storage polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscles.
The large storage polysaccharide that is stored in the liver and muscles is called?
Glycogen
Hundreds of glucose molecules combine to form _________. What process is this in the body and why dies it happen?
Glycogen
Glucogenesis, body combines and stores the extra glucose so it can be used later.
_______ _______ serves as the major source of carbohydrate energy for active muscles during exercise.
Muscle glycogen
