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Definitions and general knowledge Flashcards

SKCFTC pump manual

1
Q

Term applied to any wye, siamese,
deluge monitor, reducer, adapter, fitting or other
piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire
hose for the purpose of delivering water.’

A

Appliance

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2
Q

The loss of
pressure created by the turbulence of water
moving through an appliance.

A

Appliance friction loss (AFL)

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3
Q

Pressure exerted by the
atmosphere at the surface of the earth due to the
weight of air. At sea level atmospheric pressure
is 14.7 PSI. Atmospheric pressure affects the
amount of vacuum that can be generated inside
a centrifugal pump which determines how high
water can be drafted (lift)

A

Atmospheric pressure

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4
Q

The process of flushing water
through the pump, with pressure, either from
a hydrant or another pump, into the discharge
side of the pump and out of the intake fittings
to remove any foreign materials that could
accumulate inside the pump body and impellers.

A

Back flushing

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5
Q

More commonly known as water tank
baffles, used to control water flow/surges in a
water tank

A

Baffles

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6
Q

A unit of energy
needed to cool or heat one pound of water by
one degree Fahrenheit (measured at 60° F). In
the fire service, we use BTU’s to measure energy
output of fire and the corresponding amount
of water necessary to cool (absorb heat) and
extinguish fire.

A

British Therma Unit (BTU)

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7
Q

A condition in which vacuum pockets
form, due to localized regions of low pressure at
the vanes in the impeller of a centrifugal pump
resulting in vibrations, loss of efficiency, and
possible damage to the impeller. This can be
caused by water being discharged from the
pump faster than it is coming in. Cavitation is
sometimes expressed as “the pump running
away from the water.” Some signs that cavitation
is occurring: a sound of “gravel” in the pump and/
or an increase in pump RPM with a corresponding
decrease in discharge pressure. Most modern
fire pumps now have pressure governor systems
which have built in cavitation protection.

A

Cavitation

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8
Q

Pump with one or more
impellers that utilize centrifugal force to move
water throughout the pump.

A

Centrifugal Pump

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9
Q

NFPA standard
for the gallons per minute per square foot of foam
needed for extinguishment of flammable liquid
fires. For hydrocarbons, the rate is 0.1 GPM/ft².
For polar solvents the rate is 0.2 GPM/ft²

A

Critical Application Rate (CAR)

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10
Q

Critical velocity is the point
at which the speed of water from a centrifugal
pump creates so much turbulence that it makes it
impossible to move any more water. Centrifugal
pumps are able to take advantage of incoming
pressure to produce discharge pressures and
flow rates past their rated capacity and up to
critical velocity.

A

Critical Velocity

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11
Q

The height that a column
of water can be lifted in sufficient quantity to
provide a reliable fire flow. Per IFSTA standard
this is 14.7 feet at sea level.

A

Dependable Lift

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12
Q

The quantity of water flowing from an
opening expressed in GPM. We figure discharge
flow from solid bore nozzles and solid stream
orifices such as a hydrant port using Freeman’s Formula: GPM = 29.7 x D² x √NP

A

Discharge

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13
Q

The process of obtaining water from a
static source and transferring it into a pump that
is above the source’s level. Atmospheric pressure
onto the water surface forces the water into the
pump where a partial vacuum has been created.

A

Drafting

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14
Q

Operation where a strong hydrant
is used to supply two pumpers by connecting the
pumpers intake to intake. The second pumper
receives the excess water not being pumped by
the first pumper, which is connected directly to
the water supply source.

A

Dual Pumping

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15
Q

Refers to application
percentage rate settings for eductors- 3% for
hydrocarbons and 6% for polar solvents. Class A
foam application percentage rates will vary from
0.1% - 1.0% based on situational need

A

Eductor rate (ER)

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16
Q

Gain or loss of pressure
in a hoseline due to a change in elevation

A

Elevation Pressure (EP)

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17
Q

An expansion ratio
assigned to aeration nozzles and foam expanding
attachments used as part of a formula to calculate
the amount of area that aerated foam will cover.

A

Expansion rating ratio

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18
Q

Point at
which the fire department can connect into a
sprinkler or standpipe system to boost the water
pressure and flow in the system. The standard
PDP for sprinkler systems is 150 PSI.

A

Fire department connection (FDC)

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19
Q

The average weight (per ft2) of the
contents of the room. The typical bedroom has
an average load of 4.3 lbs./ft2.

A

Fire load

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20
Q

Defined as a stream of water or
water solution that leaves a nozzle until it reaches
its desired destination. There are three basic
types of streams: solid, fog, and broken streams.
The goal of a good fire stream is to hit the target
at the desired GPM. Characteristics include:
maintaining continuity without breaking into a
shower or spray and remaining stiff enough to
attain the required height despite a moderate
breeze

A

Fire stream

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21
Q

Pressure created by the rate of
flow or velocity of water coming from a discharge
opening (measured using a Pitot gauge).
Sometimes referred to as Velocity Pressure.

A

Flow pressure

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22
Q

A simple measurement of weight, usually
expressed in lbs. or kilograms. Force is produced
by gravity and/or the centrifugal fire pump.

A

Force

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23
Q

The loss of pressure created by
turbulence of water moving against the interior
walls of hose, pipe, and fittings.

A

Friction loss

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24
Q

The total quantity of combustible
contents of a building, space, or fire area including
interior finish and trim. Expressed in heat units of
the equivalent weight in wood.

A

Fuel load

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25
Q

A unit expressing rate of
discharge. Used when calculating water flowing/
fire flows.

A

Gallons per minute (GPM)

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26
Q

Pressure generated by the weight
of a column of water above the pump. For every
1-foot increase in elevation, .434 PSI is gained.

A

Head pressure

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27
Q

A large caliber hose stream
capable of flowing 350 GPM or more. Also defined
as a fire stream that is too large to be controlled
safely when hand held or without mechanical aid.

A

Master stream

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28
Q

This is the height a pumper in
good condition can be expected to lift water at
draft. Generally, this is considered 2/3 of theoretical
lift, or between 22 and 25 feet

A

Maximum lift

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29
Q

75% of the total
capacity of an engine. This is the maximum flow
for an engine during a relay operation (NFPA
standard).

A

Maximum dependable flow

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30
Q

A specific value assigned to each size
of hose when formulating friction loss.

A

Multiplier

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31
Q

The amount of water (in
GPM) needed to control the fire within 1 minute.

A

Needed fire flow

32
Q

The actual
amount of pressure being produced by the pump.
The difference between the intake pressure and
the discharge pressure. Expressed as: Net PDP
= discharge pressure - incoming supply pressure.

A

Net pump discharge pressure

33
Q

Pressure in a water
system during regular domestic consumption.

A

Normal operating pressure

34
Q

The velocity pressure at
which water is discharged from the nozzle.

A

Nozzle pressure (NP)

35
Q

Counterforce directed
against a person holding a nozzle or a device
holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being
discharged

A

Nozzle reaction (NR)

36
Q

When a two-stage pump
transfer valve is set in volume. The source water
flows from the intake manifold into the eye
of both impellers simultaneously. Each of the
impellers pumps water at its rated pressure while
flowing 50% of the rated capacity of the pump;
therefore, the total amount of water the pumper
can deliver is equal to the sum of the two stages.
If the pump is rated at 1750 GPM at 150 PSI, each
impeller will flow 875 GPM

A

Parallel (Volume)

37
Q

Instrument that is inserted into a
stream of water to measure the velocity pressure
of a stream

A

Pitot gauge

38
Q

Defined as the
amount of pressure applied to one square inch
of surface area. This is the pressure we read on
fire pump gauges (PSIG Gauge), which is PSI +
existing atmospheric pressure. But for fire service
purposes, we consider it PSI.

A

Pounds per square inch (PSI)

39
Q

Force per unit area exerted by
a liquid or gas measured in lbs./in2 (PSI) or
kilopascals (kPa)

A

Pressure (P)

40
Q

Term used to denote the removal of air
from a centrifugal pump and intake hose, creating
a partial vacuum in preparation for receiving
water at atmospheric pressure.

A

Prime

41
Q

A positive displacement pump
which pumps air out of centrifugal pumps. These
pumps are usually piston or rotary type. When
a priming pump is activated, air and water are
discharged from the centrifugal pump creating a
partial vacuum of less than 14.7 PSI (Atmospheric
pressure). These pumps are necessary to create
a pressure differential between the outside
atmosphere and the inside of the centrifugal
pump so priming and drafting water is possible

A

Priming pump

42
Q

Actual pressure
of the water as it leaves the pump and enters
the hoseline; total amount of pressure being
discharged by a pump. PDP is expressed as: PDP
= NP + FL ± EP +AFL. Or as PDP = NP + TPL (total
pressure loss = FL ± EP + AFL)

A

Pump discharge pressure (PDP)

43
Q

Term to describe the
percentage of water that is actually converted
to steam when applied to a fire. The accepted
amount is 80%.

A

Reasonable efficiency

44
Q

Using two or more pumpers to
move water over a long distance by operating
them in series. Water discharged from one
pumper flows through hoses to the inlet of the
next pumper, and so on. The source pumper
is connected to the water supply source. The relay pumper or pumpers receive water from the
source pumper and boost the pressure to the
attack pumper located at the fire scene.

A

Relay pumping

45
Q

Pressure at the test hydrant
while water is flowing; represents the pressure
remaining in the water system while the test
water is flowing and is that part of the total
pressure that is not used to overcome friction
or gravity while forcing water through the hose,
pipe, or fittings, and adapters.

A

Residual pressure

46
Q

When a two-stage pump
transfer valve is set in pressure. All of the water
from the intake manifold is directed into the eye
of the first impeller. Depending on the pump
manufacturer, the first stage (impeller) increases
the pressure and discharges 50%-70% of the
volume capacity through the transfer valve and
into the eye of the second impeller. The second
impeller increases the pressure and delivers water
at a higher pressure into the pump discharge
port. All of the water pumped passes through
each impeller

A

Serie (pressure)

47
Q

Hose appliance that has two or more
female inlets and a single male outlet. Equipped
with clapper valves that prevent water from
being discharged through an open outlet.

A

Siamese

48
Q

This is the amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of a specific quantity of
material, and the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of an identical weight of water
by the same number of degrees. Measured in
BTU’s

A

Specific Heat

49
Q

The stored potential energy
available to force water through pipes, fittings,
fire hose, and adapters while water is at rest

A

Static pressure

50
Q

Short relay operation in
which the pumper connected to the water source
pumps into the intake of the second pumper.
Second pumper then boosts the pressure of the
water even higher. This method is used when
pressures higher than the capabilities of a single
pump are required.

A

Tandem pumping

51
Q

Theoretical, scientific height that
a column of water may be lifted by atmospheric
pressure in a true vacuum; at sea level it is
considered 33.9 feet. The height will decrease as
elevation increases. Expressed as 14.7 x 2.304 PSI
= 33.9

A

Theoretical lift

52
Q

Consists of the pounds per square
inch (PSI) x number of square inches in a crosssection of an area upon which force is exerted

A

Total pressure

53
Q

Two impellers are
mounted in a single housing. The two impellers
are usually mounted on a single shaft driven by
a single drive train. The impellers are identical,
have the same capacity, and can be arrange in
either volume (parallel) or pressure (series).

A

Two stage centrifugal pump

54
Q

A Centrifugal pump that delivers
100% of its capacity at 150 PSI discharge pressure,
70% capacity at 200 PSI, and 50% of capacity
at 250 PSI as measured from draft lifting water
higher than 10 feet.

A

Type 1 pumper

55
Q

In the fire and emergency services, a
pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure;
a vacuum is needed to facilitate drafting of water
from a static source.

A

Vacuum

56
Q

Speed at which water travels through
fire hose - measured in feet per second (FPS).

A

Velocity

57
Q

The volute consists of the casing that
receives the fluid being pumped by the impeller.
It is a curved funnel, within a centrifugal pump,
that increases in area as is approaches the
discharge port. The volute directs the flow
through to the discharge.

A

Volume

58
Q

Force created by the rapid
deceleration of water; causes a violent increase in
pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture
piping or damage fixtures. Generally resulting
from closing a nozzle or valve too quickly.

A

Water hammer

59
Q

Hose appliance with one female inlet and
two or more male outlets; the outlets are usually
smaller than the inlet and are gated.

A

Wye

60
Q

weight of 1 cubic foot of water

A

62.4 lbs.

61
Q

Weight of one gallon of water

A

8.34 lbs.

62
Q

percentages of effect one gallon of water has on fire

A

80% will have effect on fire (steam), 20% will be wasted

63
Q

10/15/25 rule formula

A

10% drop from initial residual compound reading
= additional 3 times the current GPM flow
15% drop from initial residual compound reading
= additional 2 times the current GPM flow
25% drop from initial residual compound reading
= additional 1 time the current GPM flow

64
Q

Master stream tip size and GPM

A

1 3/8” - 500 gpm
1 1/2” - 600 gpm
1 3/4” - 800 gpm
2” - 1000 gpm

65
Q

As a general rule, each open head requires
approximately how much gpm?

A

20 GPM

66
Q

Sprinkler head GPM equatio

A

GPM = 0.5 x P + 15
P = Sprinkler head pressure
(typically 7-10 PSI)

67
Q

Starting pressure of sprinkler system?

A

Starting pressure will be 150 PSI

68
Q

Sprinkler system are annually tested at?

A

175 PSI, FD
should not exceed this pressure

69
Q

How many head can 1,750 gpm pump supply?

A

88 heads at 150 PSI

70
Q

3 types of standpipe systems are…

A
  • Class 1 – 2 ½” outlets for firefighting
  • Class 2 – 1 ½” inch hose outlets for occupant
    use
  • Class 3 – Combination standpipe, integrates
    class 1 and 2 into one system.
71
Q

Factors that determine relay pumping need:

A
  • GPM needed at the scene
  • The distance water needs to be pumped
  • Size of the pumpers on the scene.
72
Q

Factors when setting up maximum distance relay (standard):

A
  • GPM required for incident (how much water is attack pumper flowing)
  • Maximum distance between pumpers
  • Size of pumpers available (smallest pump will determine flow)
  • Number of pumpers needed
73
Q

Considerations as engineer on relay pumping

A
  • Keep 20 PSI residual pressure
  • Max net PDP will be approximately 180 psi.
  • FL +/- EP+20= starting pressure from one pump to the next.
74
Q

Foam percentages

A
  • 0.1% class A fire (overhaul)
  • 0.4% class A fire (fire attack)
  • 3% class B fire (Hydrocarbons - fuels that float on water or won’t mix with water)
  • 6% class B fire (polar solvents)
75
Q
A

stats of engines (10 decks)

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