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definitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define alleles

A

alleles are different forms of genes

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2
Q

what is a gene

A

a gene is a dna segment that contributes to phenotype/function OR the physical and functional unit for inheritance

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3
Q

define heterozygous

A

heterozygous refers to the 2 different alleles expressed present in a trait

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4
Q

define homozygous

A

homozygous is when 2 identical alleles are present in the same trait

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5
Q

examples for homozygous and heterozygous

A 
homozygous = BB or bb 
heterozygous = Bb
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6
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

nucleotides are dna subunits but more specifically are a sugar molecule, nitrogenous base and phosphate

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7
Q

define the purpose of mitosis

A

the purpose of mitosis is cell regeneration, growth and asexual reproduction

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8
Q

define the purpose of meiosis

A

the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) which factor in sexual reproduction

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9
Q

what is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell

A

a haploid cell contains a single set of chromosomes whereas a diploid cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

what is a genotype

A

a genotype is the genetic characteristics and the combination of alleles in a gene

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11
Q

what is a phenotype

A

a phenotype is the observable physical properties of an organism (appearance, behaviour and development)

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12
Q

what is co-dominance

A

co-dominance refers to the traits that are equally dominant and visible in a child

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13
Q

define a chromosome

A

a chromosome has a thread-like dna structure that is present in the nucleus and carries genetic information and genes

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14
Q

what are gametes

A

gametes are sex cells but can also be formerly known as an organism’s reproductive cell

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15
Q

what are the female and male gametes

A 
females = the egg 
male = sperm
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16
Q

define a karyotype

A

a karyotype is a pictorial representation of the chromosomes paired up/arranged which can be used to find chromosomal/genetic abnormalities/disorders

17
Q

what is a codon

A

a codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code for a dna or rna molecule

18
Q

what is a punnett square

A

a punnett square is used to predict the genotypes of an offspring from a breeding event

19
Q

what is a test cross

A

a test cross is a way to explore the genotype of an organism

20
Q

what are somatic cells

A

somatic cells are body cells except for the egg and sperm cells. they are also diploid

21
Q

example of a somatic cell

A

an example of a somatic cell would be skin cells and blood cells

22
Q

what is a triplet

A

a triplet are the 3 dna bases that code for an amino acid

23
Q

what is a pedigree

A

a pedigree is a chart used to study the inheritance over generations

24
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogens bonds are chemical bonds that hold the two strands of dna together

25
Q

what is a zygote

A

a fertilised egg produced by fusing the sperm and egg gametes

26
Q

what is an embryo

A

a zygote that eventually turns into an embryo

27
Q

what are gonads

A

sexual organs; testes in males and ovaries in females

genetics (7 decks)

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