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Music History 1 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Arch form

A

A sectional structure based on repetition in reverse order. Height of composition is in middle, ends and begins similarity
ABCBA , C is the climax
Ex. Distant memories - Louie

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2
Q

Atonality

A

Total absence of any key centre, characterized by unresolved dissonances
Ex. Petrushka– Stravinsky

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3
Q

Ballet

A

Highly stylized dance which often interprets a story

Ex. Petrushka– Stravinsky

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4
Q

Berceuse

A

French for lullaby

Ex. Distant memories– Louie

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5
Q

Cha-cha

A

Latin-American ballroom dance (originating from Cuba) from early 1950s derived from the mambo, with small steps
Ex. West side story– bernstein

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6
Q

Changing meter

A

Shift of metrical groupings through changes of time signature
Ex. Petrushka–Stravinsky

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7
Q

Choreography

A

The art of designing the dance steps or movements in a stage work (musical, opera, ballet)
Ex. West side story– choreographer Gerome Robbins

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8
Q

Flutter tongue

A

Roll of the tongue while playing a wind instrument as if sounding a letter r
Ex. Rite of spring– Stravinsky

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9
Q

Antique cymbals

A

Small brass disks, finger cymbals, produce a gentle ringing sound

Ex. Prelude a l’apres midi d’un faune –Debussy

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10
Q

Absolute music

A

Music with no literary or pictorial associations

Ex. Quinten–Haydn

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11
Q

Binary form

A

A musical form With 2 sections, both are usually repeated
AB
Ex. 3rd movement of Eine Kleine- menuet=AB

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12
Q

Coda

A

Italian for tail. The ending of a piece

Ex. Beethoven symphony no 5, final movement

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13
Q

Cyclical structure

A

Material heard in one movement recurs in later movements, creates unity in a multi-movement work
Ex. symphony no 5 –Beethoven

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14
Q

Development

A

The second main edition of sonata form. Manipulation of the empathic material presented in exposition, may also present new material
Ex. Beethoven–symphony no 5, first movement

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15
Q

Exposition

A

The first main section of sonata form. Consists of the first theme, (in the tonic key) bridge, second theme (often in dominant or relative key)
Ex. Beethoven–sym no 5, first movement.

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16
Q

Menuet and trio

A

ABA form
Menuet - a French dance developed in baroque period, in 3/4 time, graceful and elegant
Trio-a contrasting middle form
Ex. Mozart-Eine kleine, 3rd movement

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17
Q

Recapitulation

A

The third main section of sonata form. First and second themes restated in tonic key. Ends with a coda
Ex. Beethoven –symp no 5, 1st movement

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18
Q

Rocket theme

A

Rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio

Ex. Eine kleine nachtmusik– Mozart

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19
Q

Rondo form

A

A musical form with the a section recurring alternating sections creating contrast. (A section is heard 3 or more times in the tonic key)
ABACA or ABACABA
Ex. Eine kleine, second movement -Mozart

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20
Q

Rounded binary

A

ABA
A musical form with 2 sections where A section returns after the B
ex eine kleine 3rd movement

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21
Q

Folk Song

A

songs of unknown authorship passed down through oral tradition rather than written down
petrushka- stravinsky

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22
Q

Glissando

A

from French for “slide”. On the harp a quick strumming of all strings with a sweeping hand movement. creates a shimmering effect
Prelude a l’apres midi d’un faune - Debussy

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23
Q

Hemiola

A

shift of metrical accents, notes grouped in 3 are momentarily grouped in 2 or vice-versa.
America-WSS–Bernstein

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24
Q

Impressionism

A

19th century style of painting led by manet, monet, degas

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25
Q

impressionism in music

A

suggests rather than directly depicting. Features innovative orchestral colours, no strong sense of beat, muted instruments
prelude a l’apres midi d’un faune- Debussy

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26
Q

Mambo

A

afro-Cuban dance from 1940/1950’s characterized by rhythmic ostinatos
Wss- Bernstein

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27
Q

musical

A

a uniquely American genre- a play with spoken dialogue but featuring musical numbers, song, dancing, staging
WSS- Bernstein

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28
Q

pentatonic scale

A

a scale consisting of 5 notes

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29
Q

Petrushka Chord

A

a dissonant polychord used as a signature theme for the character of Petrushka. Consists of a C major and F sharp major arpeggios played together

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30
Q

Polyrhythm

A

two or more rhthms going on simultaneously

petrushka-stravinsky

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31
Q

primitivism

A

an effect created through rhythm using strong accents, heavy syncopation, polyrhythms, and an expanded percussion section
rite of spring–stravinsky

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32
Q

senza misura

A

“without measure” played freely, without strict time

Distant Memories- Alexina Louie

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33
Q

Symbolism

A

French literary movement.
evokes, rather than depict. unorthodox grammar and syntax
led by Baudelaire….also Mallarme, remaud

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34
Q

Tritone

A

interval of aug 4 or dim 5. 3 whole steps

Maria-WSS -Leonard Bernstein

35
Q

Verse-Chorus structure

A

common song structure in popular music. verse develops storyline, chorus repeats the same words.
America-WSS -Leonard Bernstein

36
Q

Whole-tone scale

A

scale of 6 pitches all spaced by a whole tone

Prelude a l’apres midi d’un faune- Claude Debussy

37
Q

Motive

A

a short melodic or rhythmic idea, used to form melody or theme
ex Symphony no. 5 -Beethoven

38
Q

Scherzo and Trio

A

a form where the scherzo replaced the minuet in the third movement in the sonata cycle. the Scherzo ( meaning joke) is more dramatic than the minuet, more humorous or ironic
ex Sym No. 5, 3rd movement- Beethoven

39
Q

Sonata form

A

consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation

ex. Beethoven- Sym no 5 first movement

40
Q

sonata cycle

A 
multi-movement structure demonstrated in symphony, and concerto that emerged in the classical era
first movement=sonata form
2nd= a slow tempo
3rd=dance form like minuet and trio
4th= rondo, sonata, other form..
41
Q

ternary form

A

a three part musical form, ABA

quinten- 3rd movement -Haydn

42
Q

theme and variations

A

a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations. changes can be made to the melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
Sym no 5, 2nd movement- Beethoven

43
Q

Subject

A

the initial statement of the main theme of a fugue - tonic key.
Bach- WTC

44
Q

Answer

A

the second statement of the main theme in a fugue, usually dominant key
Bach- WTC

45
Q

Real Answer

A

an exact transposition of the subject

46
Q

tonal answer

A

a statement of the subject that begins the same, but one or more intervals are adjusted to accommodate the harmony

47
Q

counter subject

A

a recurring counter melody (different melody) that accompanies entreis of the subject and answer

48
Q

Fugue

A

a highly structured contrapuntal composition where a single theme or subject prevails
Bach- WTC

49
Q

Inversion

A

thematic material presented upside down

50
Q

augmentation

A

thematic material presented in longer time values

51
Q

diminution

A

thematic material presented in shorter time values

52
Q

stretto

A

Italian for ‘tighten’ -subject entries overlap in close succession

53
Q

episode

A

a passage in a fugue where neither subject nor answer is present. often in sequence

54
Q

terraced dynamics

A

changing dynamics abruptly, creates stark contrast rather than a gradual change. Common in baroque

55
Q

Figured bass

A

a type of shorthand developed in baroque era where numbers are placed below the bass line showing the harmonic progression.
performed by the basso continue
provides structure for improvisation

56
Q

Prelude

A

a short keyboard work in improvisatory style used to introduce a fugue
Bach- WTC

57
Q

tierce de picardie

A

work in a minor key ends in the tonic major. common in baroque music

58
Q

Aria

A

Italian for ‘air’ . A highly emotional or virtuosic solo in an opera, oratorio or cantata. may have lyrical or dramatic character
madama butterfly- puccini

59
Q

chromaticism

A

extensive use of notes outside the key signature, creates heightened expression.
Polonaise in A flat major- Chopin

60
Q

cloches

A

French for ‘bells’ - a pitched percussion instrument, emits a ringing sound when struck with a hammer or mallet.
Symphonie fantastique- Berlioz

61
Q

col legno

A

Italian for ‘with the wood’ - a novel string effect invented by Berlioz, players tap on the strings with the wooden part of the bow
Symphonie Fantastique - Berlioz

62
Q

dies Irae

A

latin for ‘day of wrath’ - drawn from the roman catholic requiem mass for the dead, a melody associated in 19th century with funeral
Symphonie fantastique- Berlioz

63
Q

Exoticism in music

A

fascination with foreign lands and cultures influenced 19th music through melody, rhythm, harmony and orchestration
madama butterfly - puccini

64
Q

habanera

A

a Spanish dance in slow duple time

Carmen- Bizet

65
Q

idee fixe

A

French for ‘fixed idea’ coined by berlioz
a recurring theme which undergoes transformation but creates unity in multi-movment work. Represents the beloved in Symphonie Fantastique - Berlioz

66
Q

Lied

A

german art song. - musical setting of a german poem.
for solo voice generally with piano accompaniment
Erlkonig- Schubert

67
Q

nationalism in music

A

patriotism expressed through music in 19th century, through folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes and historical events
polonaise in a flat major - Chopin

68
Q

Ophicleide

A

brass instrument, predecessor of the tuba

symphonie fantastique- berlioz

69
Q

pentatonic scale

A

a scale consisting of 5 notes

madama butterfly -puccini

70
Q

prelude (in opera)

A

an orchestral work serving as an introduction to an opera, took the place of a traditional overture, includes themes to be heard later in the opera
Madama Butterfly- Puccini

71
Q

Polonaise

A

polish dance in triple meter. Chopin transformed into a virtuosic piano composition. Stately, proud, majestic. includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise in a flat major - chopin

72
Q

portamento

A

Italian for ‘carrying’- a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next, originally a vocal technique that berlioz adapted as a novel instrumental technique
Symphonie Fantastique- Berlioz

73
Q

program music

A

instrumental music with pictoral or literary associations, a descriptive title identifies the connection.
some works include a text provided by the composer
Symphonie Fantastique - Berlioz

74
Q

Romanticism

A

reaction against classicism, emphasized creative imagination, and expression of emotions

75
Q

Rubato

A

Italian for ‘robbed’ time- with rhythmic flexibility, speeding up or slowing down. allows for more expression in interpreting music

76
Q

symphonic poem

A

form of orchestral program music- with literary or pictoral associations. single movement work, generally free form.
Prelude a l’apres midi d’un faun- Debussy

77
Q

verismo

A

Italian for ‘realism’- a style of opera where the story is based on gritty reality, often with a tragic or violent ending
Madama butterfly- puccini

78
Q

through-composed

A

(durchkomponiert)
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of music. the melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment reflects the meaning of the text
erlkonig- schubert

79
Q

ritornello form

A

the opening passage (ritornello) is restated throughout the movement. Use in the 1st and 3rd movements of baroque concerto
spring-vivaldi

80
Q

ripieno

A

Italian for “full” or “complete”. use of the full orchestra in the baroque concerto

81
Q

ostinato

A

Italian for “obstinate”. a rhythmic or melodic pattern that is repeated

82
Q

drone

A

a sustained ass note that provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation

83
Q

programmatic writing

A

music with a descriptive element, inspired for example by a story or painting
spring- vivaldi

84
Q

solo concerto

A

instrumental genre in baroque era for soloist and orchestra.
generally in 3 movements (fast, slow, fast).
Frequently used ritornello form.
Showcases the virtuosity of the soloist.
spring-vivaldi

Music History 1 (7 decks)

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