Definitions

Question 1

Aneurysm

Answer 1

Abnormal localised dilation of a blood vessel to more than 1.5 times its normal diameter

Question 2

Amyloidosis

Answer 2

Deposition of abnormal fibrillar proteins in extracellular tissue forming a rigid sheet like structure.

Question 3

True aneurysm vs False Aneurysm

Answer 3

True: All three layers (Intima Media Adventitia) False: Bounded by only part of the vessel wall

Question 4

Aortic Dissection

Answer 4

Forceful sepration of aortic wall layers tue to tear in intima

Question 5

Definition of Ascites

Answer 5

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 6

Atherosclerosis

Answer 6

Pathaogical process of the vasculature in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol

Question 7

Abscess

Answer 7

Collection of pus surrounded by granulation tissue

Question 8

Pain

Answer 8

Acute sensory and emotional response to actual or potential tissue damage

Question 9

Neuropathic pain

Answer 9

Pain resulting from damage to pain signalling pathway

Question 10

Abscess

Answer 10

Collection of pus surrounded by granulation or fibrous tissue

Question 11

Pus

Answer 11

Collection of neutrophils together with dead or dying micro-organisms

Question 12

Cyst

Answer 12

Abnormal membranous sac containing liquid or semi-solid substance lined by epithelial or endothelial cells

Question 13

Psudocyst

Answer 13

Similar to a cyst but lacking the epithelial / endothelial lining

Question 14

Sinus

Answer 14

Blind ending tract lined by granulation tissue normally connecting an abscess to the skin

Question 15

Stoma

Answer 15

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

Question 16

Aneurysm

Answer 16

Abnormal permanent localised dilation f a blood vessel to > 1.5x its normal diameter

Question 17

Diverticula

Answer 17

Abnormal outpouching of a hollow viscus into surrounding tissues

Question 18

Thrombus

Answer 18

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood in flowing blood

Question 19

Clot

Answer 19

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood in stationary blood

Question 20

Embolus

Answer 20

Abnormal mass of undissolved material carried in the blood stream from one place to another

Question 21

Necrosis

Answer 21

Abnormal tissue death occurring during life

Question 22

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Answer 22

Exaggerated response of host immune system to particular stimuli

Question 23

Tumour Marker

Answer 23

Substance found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasia used for diagnosis or disease monitoring

Question 24

Polyp

Answer 24

Pedunculate mass of tissue arising from an epithelial surface

Question 25

Neoplasm

Answer 25

Abnormal growth of tissue developing in an uncoordinated manner exceeding normal tissue growth and continues despite removal of original stimulus

Question 26

Hyperplasia

Answer 26

Increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells present. Cells are of normal size and morphology.

Question 27

Hypertrophy

Answer 27

Increase in size of organ due to increase in size of cells present. Number of cells and morphology remain same.

Question 28

Hamartoma

Answer 28

Tumour like malformation of disorganiased arrangement of different amounts of tissue grown under normal controls

Question 29

Metaplasia

Answer 29

Reversible replacement of one type of differentiated cell with another

Question 30

Dysplasia

Answer 30

Disordered cellular development characterised by increase mitosis and pleomorphism without ability to invade basement membrane and metastasise

Question 31

Carcinoma

Answer 31

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells

Question 32

Sarcoma

Answer 32

Malignant tumour of connective tissue

Question 33

Metastasis

Answer 33

Survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a distant site

Question 34

Granuloma

Answer 34

Collection of epithelioid macrophages

Question 35

Granuloatmous Inflammation

Answer 35

Chronic inflammation characterised by presence of epithelioid macrophages fused to form giant (Langerhan’s) cells

Question 36

Fistula

Answer 36

Abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces that is lined with granulation tissue

Question 37

Respiration

Answer 37

Transport of oxygen from air to tissue cells and transport of Co2 from tissue to air

Question 38

Breathing

Answer 38

Process of moving air in and out of lungs

Question 39

Respiratory failure

Answer 39

Failure of gas exchange resulting in hypoxaemia or hypercapneia
Type 1 - Hypoxaemia only Type 2 - Hypoxaemia and Hypercapneia

Question 40

DIC

Answer 40

Pathological activation of blood coagulation resulting in combined fibrin production and fibrinolysis consumption of coagulation factors and microvascular thrombi

Question 41

Apoptosis

Answer 41

Programmed cell death producing apoptotic bodies that are phagocytes without creating inflammatory reaction requires energy

Question 42

Hamartoma

Answer 42

Tumour-like malformation consisting of disorganised arrangement of tissues normally found at site. e.g. Haemangiomas Lipomas Peutz-Jehers.

Question 43

Metaplasia

Answer 43

Revesible conversion of one fully differentiated cell type from one sub-group to another. Eg Aden- -> Squamous in GORD

Question 44

Ulcer

Answer 44

Abnormal discontinuation of a mucous membrane

Question 45

Dermoid Cyst

Answer 45

Cystic teratoma containing mature tissues

Question 46

Sebaceous Cyst

Answer 46

Closed cyst below skin surface filled with sebum and possessing a central punctum

Question 47

Nosocomial Infection

Answer 47

Hospital acquired infection.