Definitions

Question 0

What is a Morel-Lavallee lesion

Answer 0

Closed, internal degloving injury in which there is shearing of the subcutaneous tissues off the underlying fascia with development of a haematoma within the hollow space with presence of necrotic fat

Question 1

What is a non-union

Answer 1

Incomplete and non-progressive fracture healing of a long bone after 6 months based on serial clinical and radiological review

FDA (1986) - minimum 9 months has elapsed since injury and the fracture shows no visible progressive signs of healing for 3 months.

Delayed union
Incompete but progressive fracture healing of a bone longer than expected.

Question 2

Definition of a sesamoid

Answer 2

Small independent bone developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure.

Question 3

What is the sinus tarsi

Answer 3

A hollow or canal formed by the groove of the talus and the interosseous groove of the calcaneus that is occupied by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Question 4

What is a definition of galvanic corrosion?

Answer 4

Electrochemical potential created between two metals in physical contact when immersed in a conductive medium

Question 5

Definition of a ganglion

Answer 5

Benign mucin Filled synovial pseudocyst related to a joint or ligament representing the most common hand mass

Question 6

Definition of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 6

Chronic, symmetrical, autoimmune erosive inflammatory polyarthropathy with both intra- and extra-articular manifestations involving small and large joints affecting 1-2% of the population

Believed to be due to an inflammatory cascade with formation of antigen-antibody complexes releasing proteolytic enzymes leading to intra-articular (synovitis) and extra-articular (vasculitis) manifestations

Question 7

Definition of osteoporosis

Answer 7

Systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass, micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increased fracture risk

Question 8

What is Gauchers

Answer 8

Inherited autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterised by bleeding tendencies and skeletal manifestations of AVN and Erlenmeyer flask deformity

Question 9

What is Erlenmeyer flask

Answer 9

A radiological appearance of the distal femur with flaring of the metaphysis

Gauchers - b-glucocerebrosidase
Norman pick - sphingomyelinase 
Haemoglobinopathies - thalassamia/sickle
Osteopetrosis
MHE
Metaphyseal dysplasia
Lead poisoning

Question 10

What is Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 10

It is a chronic seronegative inflammatory Arthropathy that affects the axial and appendicular skeleton, characterised by inflammation and ankylosis of the spine, sacroiliac joints and hips.

Question 11

What is he definition of Charcot arthropathy?

Answer 11

Progressive, non-infectious, destructive arthropathy caused by loss of protective mechanism in patients with sensory neuropathy

Question 12

What is the definition of Hallux valgus

Answer 12

Condition of the 1st ray in which there is a bunion and lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx on the 1st MT

Question 13

What is Allodynia

Answer 13

Extreme sensitivity to light touch; pain due to a mechanical or thermal stimulus that normally does not provoke pain

Question 14

What is alpha error

Answer 14

Term used in biostatistics to describe where a difference is shown between the results of two forms of treatment in a RCT where there is in fact no difference. Also known as a type I error

Question 15

What is apparent leg length

Answer 15

True leg length plus or minus deformity

Question 16

What is Beta error

Answer 16

Term used in biostatistics to describe where a difference is not shown between the results of two forms of treatment in a RCT where there is in fact a difference. Also known as a type II error

Question 17

What is a bone island

Answer 17

a focal area of compact bone replacing cancellous bone and generally considered to be a developmental abnormality of no significance

Question 18

What is a brittle material

Answer 18

One which does not undergo a period of plastic deformation

Question 19

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome

Answer 19

An uncommon pattern of SCI usually secondary to a penetrating injury and characterized by ipsilateral motor loss and contralateral pain and temperature loss usually two levels below the insult. Carries an excellent (90%) chance of some recovery

Question 20

What is a buford complex

Answer 20

Anterosuperior labrum foramen along with a cord like middle glenohumeral ligament found in 1.5% of shoulders

Question 21

What is Caffey’s disease

Answer 21

Infantile cortical hyperostosis

Question 22

What is Caput Ulna syndrome

Answer 22

End stage destruction of the distal radial ulna joint results in dorsal prominence of the ulna, supination of the carpus on the radius and volar subluxation of ECU. The dorsal prominence can result in attrition rupture of EDC (Vaughn-Jackson syndrome)

Question 23

What is carpal height ratio

Answer 23

This is an indication of carpal collapse. It is obtained by dividing the height of the carpus by the length of the middle metacarpal (the height of the carpus is obtained along the line dropped from the middle metacarpal). Normal ratio is 0.54 +/- 0.03. With carpal collapse the ratio decreases (eg below 0.50) Defined by Youm

Question 24

What is the definition of a cavo-varus foot

Answer 24

Form of pes cavus where the first ray alone (i.e. not the fifth ray) is drawn towards the calcaneus which is itself in varus

Question 25

What is central cord syndrome

Answer 25

A common pattern of spinal cord injury in elderly patients arising from hyperextension on a spondylotic spine characterized by sacral sparing and a greater upper limb than lower limb deficit, greater distal than proximal deficit and a 75% chance of some recovery

Question 26

What is a ceramic

Answer 26

a solid inorganic compound consisting of metallic and nonmetallic elements held together by ionic or covalent bonding

Question 27

What is cerebral palsy

Answer 27

a disorder of movement and posture due to a nonprogressive lesion of the developing brain

Question 28

What is a chondrosarcoma

Answer 28

• A primary malignant tumour of cartilage producing cells
• A dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a chondrosarcoma that has given rise to a more highly malignant tumour such as an osteosarcoma or MFH

Question 29

What is a chondroblastoma

Answer 29

Benign tumour of immature cartilage cells, characteristically found in the epiphysis
Also known as Codman’s tumour
Ernest Codman - Boston Surgeon - 1st tumour registry, pioneered study of medical outcomes

Question 30

What is a chordoma

Answer 30

A slow growing locally invasive neoplasm that is derived from remnants of the primitive notochord

Question 31

What is coxa vara

Answer 31

Femoral neck shaft angle

Question 32

What is Down’s syndrome

Answer 32

Trisomy 21, first describe by John Down in his 1866 paper “Observations on an ethnic classification of Idiots”

Question 33

Define Dupuytren’s disease

Answer 33

A proliferative fibroplasia of subcutaneous palmar tissue, occurring in the form of nodules or cords, that may cause progressive and irreversible flexion contractures of the fingers.

Question 34

What is scoliosis?

Answer 34

3D deformity of the spine characterised by an abnormal curvature of the spine, radio logically as a coronal plane deformity with Cobb angle >10•
Neuromuscular scoliosis is characterised by an atypical long C-shaped curve

Question 35

What is an antalgic gait?

Answer 35

It is a pain avoidance gait characterised by shortened stance phase on the affected side and shortened swing phase on the contralateral side.

Question 36

What is Spina bifida

Answer 36

• SPINA BIFIDA (MYELODYSPLASIA) is a CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER caused by INCOMPLETE CLOSURE OF THE NEURAL TUBE.
• MYELOMENINGOCOELE is the most common type of spina bifida, caused by PROLAPSE OF THE CORD & DURA.