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Definitions Flashcards

1
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3
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Absorptive nutrition

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a process where organisms obtain nutrients by breaking down food outside their bodies and absorbing it through their skin or external membrane.It’s a common mode of nutrition for fungi

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4
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Amino Acids

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molecules that combine to form proteins

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5
Q

Amoeba

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a single-celled protists that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlikeprojectionsofprotoplasm

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6
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Anthropod

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A member of the primate group made up of the monkey and the apes.

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7
Q

Autotroph

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An organism that produces their own food (from inorganic substances) for energy.

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8
Q

Bacilli

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Rod shaped (i.e. of bacteria)

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9
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Binary fission

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A type of asexual reproduction where a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells (exact copies of the parent cell)

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10
Q

Biofilm

A

A surface-coating colony prokaryotes (mostly) that engage in metabolic cooperation

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11
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

a period of rapid evolution when most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record

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12
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Capsule

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In many prokaryotes, a dense layer that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, enabling it to adhere to substrates and other cells

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13
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Carrier proteins

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A transport protein that moves solutes across the membrane by creating conformational changes in the protein

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14
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Cell membrane

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thesemipermeablemembrane surrounding thecytoplasmof a cell

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cell of plants, prokaryotes, fungi.

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16
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Centromere

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Part of the chromosome where sister chormatids are held together

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17
Q

Channel proteins

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Transport proteins that allow solutes to cross the cell membrane passively

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18
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

an organism that takes inorganic chemicals and transforms it into energy

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19
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

an organism that obtains its energy from chemical compounds and its carbon source from organic molecules

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20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic bacteria that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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21
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Choanoflagellates

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a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotesconsidered to be the closest living relatives of animals

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22
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Chromatin

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The entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

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23
Q

Chromosome

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A cellular structure (package) consisting of one long, linear condenced DNA molecule and associated proteins

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24
Q

Cisternae

A

flattened, membrane-bound sacs that are found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

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25
Cocci
Spherical shaped (i.e. of bacteria)
26
Condensation
the dramatic reorganisation of the long thin chromatin strands into compact short chromosomes that occurs in mitosis and meiosis
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Conidiophores
a specialized fungal hypha that produces asexual spores called conidia
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Cytoplasm
The contexts of the cell bounded by he plasma membrane (in eukaryotes, it is the portion exlusive of the nucleus)
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Cytoskeleton
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extens throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signalling functions.
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Dikaryotic
2x haploid nuclei per cell
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Diploid
2x sets of chromosomes
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DNA
A neucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each strans consists of a base (A, C, G, T) capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
an extensive membraneous network in eukaryotic cells consisting of rough and smooth regions.
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Endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a proto-eukaryotic (Archaean) host cell
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Endosymbiosis
when one species lives inside another species
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Endotoxins
A toxic component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die
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Exotoxins
A tocus protein that is secreted by a prokaryote that produced specific symtpoms.
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Extant
still in existence
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Eukaryote
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
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Facultative anaerobes
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but switched to anerobic respiration if oxygen is not present (i.e. can use oxygen but will grow in its absence)
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Fimbriae
thin, hair-like structures on the surface of prokaryotic cells that help the cell stick to other surfaces
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Fixation
Converting an element into its usable form
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Flagellum / Flagella
A whip-like structure that helps cells move
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Fluid mosaic model
The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifitng laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
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Fruiting body
a reproductive structure of a fungus that produces and disperses spores
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Gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant (ova, sperm)
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Genome
A cell's DNA, its genetic information
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Golgi Apparatus
An orgnalle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membraneous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum, and synthesis some products
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Gram negative
A group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and are often more toxic.
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Gram positive
A group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and are often less toxic.
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Haploid
1 set of chromosomes
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Heterocyte
A specialised cell that engaged in nitrogen fixation
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Heterotroph
An organism that eats or absorbs other organisms/organic substances for energy
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Homeostasis
The steady-state physiological condition of the body
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
The transfer of genes from one organism to another (of different species)
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Hyphae
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
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Intermediate filaments
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
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Kinetichore
a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach
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Lipid
Any of a group of large biological molecules (e.g. fats, phospholipids, steroids)
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Lysosomes
An organelle found in the cytoplasm of animal cells
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Macromolecules
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms
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Meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
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Metabolic cooperation
The exchange of molecules between cells through direct cell-to-cell contact which allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells
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Metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
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Microfilaments
(aka actin filaments) protein filaments that help maintain a cell's shape and structure, and enable movement
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Microtubules
A narrow, hollow tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm of cells to support the shape of the cell
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Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards to form layers (cristae).
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Mixotroph
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
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Modern Cell Theory
(1) The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms, (2) all living things are made of cells, (3) All cells come from other pre-existing cells
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Molecule
a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
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Motile
capable of motion
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Mutualistic bacteria
Bacteria that benefit from a relationship with another species, and that relationship also benefits the other species (e.g. human intestines)
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Mycelium
the vegetative, interwoven mass of hyphae of fungi (i.e. body of fungi)
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Mycorrhiza
a fungus which grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.
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Nitrogen fixation
the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants and animals can use
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Nucleoid
an irregularly shaped structure formed by the chromosome + several proteins & RNA molecules. Is not membrane bound, it is an area within the cytoplasm inside the cell membrane
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Nucleus
Holds the genetic material (i.e. DNA)
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Obligate aerobes
Cannot grow without oxygen
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Obligate anaerobes
poisoned by oxygen
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Organelles
a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
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Photoautotroph
a photosynthetic organism that uses energy from light to synthesis inorganic molecules
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Photoheterotroph
organisms that use light as a source of energy and organic compounds as the main source of carbon
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Photosynthesis
converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy
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Phylogeny
the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms
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Plasmids
a closed circular molecule of double-stranded DNA (found in bacteria)
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Prokaryote
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
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Protocell
a simple, self-organized structure that is thought to have been a precursor to cells
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Pseudopodia
temporary arm-like projections of a cell's membrane that help with movement, capturing food, and sensing the environment
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Reproduction
the process by which organisms create new organisms, or offspring
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Ribosome
Makes proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, can be free or attached to the (rough) endoplasmic reticular
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RNA
a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
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RNA World Hypothesis
RNA molecules were the first self-replicating life forms on Earth, serving both as genetic material and catalysts for biochemical reactions
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
a network of tubes and sacs in a cell's cytoplasm that is responsible for protein production
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Septate
An organ or structure that is divided into compartments
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Sister chromatid
2x strands of replicated chromosomes
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a network of tubes in a cell that helps make and concentrate substances for the cell
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Spiral
Helical shaped (i.e. of bacteria)
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Spores
a microscopic, single-celled reproductive cell (a/sexual) that can develop into a new organism
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Symbiosis
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
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Taxis
a motion or orientation of a cell, organism, or part in response to an external stimulus
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Tetrapod
an object or structure with four feet, legs, or supports
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Transcription
the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence
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Transduction
A process in which viruses carry bacterial DNA from one bacteria to another.
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Transformation
The development of new genetic traits in a cell after taking in foreign DNA from the environment
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Translation
the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
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Ubiquitous
present, appearing, or found everywhere.
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Vacuoles
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
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Vesicles
(1) form spontaneously when lipids and other organic molecules mix with water (some can have a double lipid layer) (2) Abiotic (non-life) vesicles can increase in size and reproduce (in a type of way) (3) Can absorb self-replicating RNA

BIOL110 (13 decks)

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