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OCR A A Level Physics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute uncertainties

A

The interval that a value is said to lie within, with a given level of confidence.

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2
Q

Accuracy

A

A measure of how close a measurement is to the true value

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3
Q

Analogue Apparatus

A

Measuring apparatus such as rulers, beakers and thermometers that rely on the experimenter reading off a scale to determine the measurement.

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4
Q

Anomalies

A

Data points that don’t fit the pattern of the data. You should determine
why an anomalous result has occurred before removing it. Repeat readings help remove anomalies.

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5
Q

Control Variables

A

Variables that must remain the same throughout an
experiment so as to not affect the results.

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6
Q

Dependent Variables

A

The variable being measured in an experiment. It is
dependent on the independent variable. The dependent variable should be plotted
on the y-axis of a graph.

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7
Q

Digital Apparatus

A

Measuring apparatus such as ammeters, voltmeters and
digital calipers that digitally measure and display a measurement.

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8
Q

Fiducial Marker

A

A thin marker, such as a splint, that is used to ensure readings
are taken from the same place each time. They are used to improve the accuracy
of measurements.

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9
Q

Gradient

A

The change in the y-axis value over the change in the x-axis value between two points. Ifthe graph is curved, a tangent can be drawn to calculate the gradient at a specific point.

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10
Q

Independent Variables

A

The variable that is changed by the experimenter in an
experiment. The independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis of a graph.

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11
Q

Line of Best Fit

A

A line drawn on a graph to demonstrate the pattern in the plotted
data points.

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12
Q

Percentage Uncertainties

A

The uncertainty of a measurement, expressed as a
percentage of the recorded value.

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13
Q

Precision

A

A measure of how close a measurement is to the mean value. It only
gives an indication of the magnitude of random errors, not how close data is to the
true value.

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14
Q

Prefixes

A

Added to the front of units to represent a power of ten change

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15
Q

Random Errors

A

Unpredictable variation between measurements that leads to a spread of values about the true value.
Random error can be reduced by taking repeat measurements.

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16
Q

Repeatable

A

The same experimenter can repeat a measurement using the same method and equipment and obtain the same value.

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17
Q

Reproducible

A

An experiment can be repeated by a different experimenter using
a different method and different apparatus, and still obtain the same results.

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18
Q

Resolution

A

The smallest change in a quantity that causes a visible change in the reading that a measuring instrument records.

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19
Q

Resolution of Forces

A

The splitting of a force into its horizontal and vertical
components.

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20
Q

Scalar Quantities

A

A quantity that only has a magnitude, without an associated
direction. Examples include speed, distance and temperature.

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21
Q

SI Base Units

A

The standard units used in equations. They are: metres, kilograms, seconds, amps, Kelvin and moles.

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22
Q

Significant Figures

A

A measure of a measurement’s resolution. All numbers
except zero are counted as a significant figure. When zeros are found immediately
after a decimal place, they too are counted.

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23
Q

Systematic Errors

A

Causes all readings to differ from the true value by a fixed amount. Systematic error cannot be corrected by repeat readings, instead a different technique or apparatus should be used.

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24
Q

Triangle of Forces

A

A method of finding the resultant force of two forces. The two forces are joined tip to tail and the result is then the vector that completes the triangle.

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25
Q

Vector Quantities

A

A quantity that has both a magnitude and an associated
direction. Examples include velocity, displacement and acceleration

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26
Q

Vernier Scales

A

: The type of scale used on calipers and micrometers, that involve
reading from a fixed scale and a moving scale to produce accurate
measurements.

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27
Q

Zero Errors

A

A form of systematic error, caused when a measuring instrument doesn’t read zero at a value of zero. This results in all measurements being offset by a fixed amount.

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28
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity

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29
Q

Average Speed

A

Distance over time for the entire region of interest

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30
Q

Braking Distance

A

The distance travelled between the brakes being applied and the vehicle coming to a stop. It is affected by the vehicle and road conditions

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31
Q

Displacement

A

The direct distance between an objects starting an ending positions. It is a vector quantity and so has a direction and magnitude

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32
Q

Displacement-Time Graphs

A

Plots showing how displacement changes over a period of time. The gradient gives the velocity. Curved lines represent an acceleration

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33
Q

Free-Fall

A

An object is said to be in free fall when the only force acting on it is the force of gravity

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34
Q

Instantaneous Speed

A

The exact speed of an object at a specific given point

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35
Q

Projectile motion

A

The motion of an object that is fired from a point and then upon which only gravity acts. When solving projectile motion problems, it is useful to split the motion into horizontal and vertical components (or use matrices)

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36
Q

Reaction Time

A

The time taken to process a stimulus ad trigger a response to it. It is affected by drugs alcohol and tiredness

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37
Q

Stopping Distance

A

The sum of thinking distance and braking distance for a driven vehicle

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38
Q

Thinking distance

A

The distance travelled in the time it takes for the driver to react. It is affected by alcohol, drugs and tiredness.

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39
Q

Velocity-Time graphs

A

Plots showing how velocity changes over a period of time, The gradient gives acceleration. Curved lines represent changing acceleration

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40
Q

Velocity

A

The rate of change of displacement, It is a vector quantity and so has a direction and magnitude

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41
Q

Archimedes’ Principle

A

The upwards force acting on an object submerged in a fluid, is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces

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42
Q

Centre of Gravity

A

The single point through which the object’s weight can be said to act

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43
Q

Centre of mass

A

The single point through which all the mass of an object can be said to act

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44
Q

Couple

A

Two equal and opposite parallel forces that act on an object through different lines of action. It has the effect of causing rotation without translation

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45
Q

Density

A

The mass per unit volume of a meterial

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46
Q

Drag

A

The frictional force that an object experiences moving through a fluid

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47
Q

Equilibrium

A

For an object to be in equilibrium, both the resultant force and resultant moment acting on the object must equal to zero

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48
Q

Free-Body Diagram

A

A diagra showiing all the forces acting on an object.

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49
Q

Friction

A

The resistive force produced when there is relative movement between two surfaces

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50
Q

Moment of Force

A

The product of a force and the perpendicular distance form the line of action of the force and the pivot.

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51
Q

Newton

A

The unit of force

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52
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

The sum of the forces actinf on an object is equal to the rate of momentum of the object

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53
Q

Normal Contact Force

A

The reaction force between an object and surfact

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54
Q

Pressure

A

he force that a surface experiences per unit area. It is measured in Pascals (Pa)

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55
Q

Principle of Moments

A

For an object to be in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments acting about a point must be equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments acting around the point

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56
Q

Tension

A

The result of two forces acting on an objet on opposite outwards directions

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57
Q

Terminal Velocity

A

The maximum velocity of an object that occurs when the resistive and driving forces acting on the object are equal to each other

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58
Q

Upthrust

A

The upwards force that a fluid applies on an object

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59
Q

Weight

A

The product of an object’s mass and the gravitational field strength at its location

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60
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

In a closed system with no external forces the total energy of the system before an event is equal to the total energy of the system after the event, The energy however does not need to be in the same form after the event as it was before the event

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61
Q

Efficiency

A

The useful output of a system divided by the total output

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62
Q

Gravitational Potential Energy

A

The energy gained by an object when it is raised by a height in a gravitational field

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63
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy an object has due to its motion. It is the amount of energy that would be transferred when it decelerates to rest

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64
Q

Power

A

The work done or energy transferred by a system divided by the time taken fo rthat to be done

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65
Q

Work Done

A

The energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance

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66
Q

Brittle

A

A brittle object is one that shows very little strain before reaching its breaking stress

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67
Q

Compression

A

The result of two coplanar forces acting into an object. Compression usually results in a reduction in the length of the Object

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68
Q

Compressive Deformation

A

The changing of an objects shape due to compressive forces

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69
Q

Ductile

A

A material is ductile if it can undergo very large extensions without failure. Ductile materials can be stretched int wires.

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70
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

If a material deforms with elastic behaviour, it will return to its orginal shape when the deforming forces are removed. The object will not be permanently deformed

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71
Q

Elastic potential energy

A

The energy stored in an object when it is stretched. It is equal to the work done to stretch the object and can be determined form the area under a force-extension graph

72
Q

Extension

A

The increase in an objects length away from its original length

73
Q

Force-Extension graph

A

A plot showing how an object extends as the force applied increases. For an elastic object, the gradient should be linear up to the limit of proportionality. The gradient gives the spring constant

74
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

The extension of an elastic object will be directly proportional to the force applied to it up to the objects limit of proportionality

75
Q

Plastic Deformation

A

If a material deforms with plastic behaviour, it will not return to its original shame when the deforming forces are removed. The object will be permanently deformed

76
Q

Polymeric

A

A material made from polymers

77
Q

Spring constant

A

The constant of proportionality for the extension of a spring under a force. The higher the spring constant, the greater the force needed to achieve a given extension

78
Q

Strain

A

The ratio of an objects extension to its original lengths. It is a ratio of two lengths and so has no unit

79
Q

Stress

A

The amount of force acting per unit area. Its unit is Pascal

80
Q

Tensile deformation

A

The changing of an objects shape due to tensile forces

81
Q

Ultimate Tensile Strength

A

The maximum stress than an object can withstand before fracture occurs

82
Q

Young Modulus

A

The ratio of stress to strain for a given material. Its unit is the Pascal

83
Q

Conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum of a system before an event must be equal to the total momentum of the system after the event, assuming no external forces act.

84
Q

Elastic Collisions

A

A collision in which the total kinetic energy of the system before the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy of the system after the collision

85
Q

Impulse

A

The change in momentum of an object when a force acts on it. It is equal to the product of the force acting on the object and the length of time over which it acts

86
Q

Inelastic collisions

A

A collision in which the total kinetic energy of the system before the collision is not equal to the kinetic energy of the system after the collision

87
Q

Linear Momentum

A

The product of an objects mass and linear velocity

88
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

An object will remain in its current state of motion unless acted on by a resultant force. An object requires a resultant force to be able to accelerate

89
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

Ever action has an equal and opposite reaction. If an object exerts a force on another object, Then the other object must exert a force back, that is opposite in direction and equal in magnitude

90
Q

Conductors

A

A material that allows the flow of electrical charge. Good conductors
have a larger amount of free charge carriers to carry a current.

91
Q

Conservation of Charge

A

The total charge in a system cannot change

92
Q

Conventional Current

A

The flow from positive to negative, used to describe the
direction of current in a circuit.

93
Q

Coulomb

A

The unit of charge

94
Q

Electric Current

A

The rate of flow of charge in a circuit

95
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that contain ions that when dissolved in a solution, act
as charge carriers and allow current to flow.

96
Q

Electron Flow

A

The opposite direction to conventional current flow. Electrons flow
from negative to positive

97
Q

Elementary Charge

A

The smallest possible charge, equal to the charge of an electron.

98
Q

Insulators

A

A material that has no free charge carriers and so doesn’t allow the flow of electrical charge

99
Q

Kirchhoff’s First Law

A

A consequence of the conservation of charge. The total current entering a junction must equal the total current leaving it

100
Q

Mean Drift Velocity

A

The average velocity of an electron passing through an object. It is proportional to the current, and inversely proportional to the number of charge carriers and the cross-sectional area of the object

101
Q

Quantisation of Charge

A

The idea that charge can only exist in discrete packets of multiples of the elementary charge

102
Q

Semiconductors

A

A material that has the ability to change its number of charge carriers, and so its ability to conduct electricity. Light dependent resistors and thermistors are both examples.

103
Q

Diode

A

A component that allows current through in one direction only. In the
correct direction, diodes have a threshold voltage (typically 0.6 V) above which
current can flow

104
Q

Electromotive Force

A

The energy supplied by a source per unit charge passing through the source, measured in volts

105
Q

Filament Lamp

A

A bulb consisting of a metal filament, that heats up and glows to produce light. As the filament increases in temperature, its resistance increases since the metal ions vibrate more and make it harder for the charge carriers to pass through.

106
Q

I-V Characteristics

A

Plots of current against voltage, that show how different components behave.

107
Q

Kilowatt-Hour

A

A unit of electrical energy. It is usually used to measure domestic power consumption

108
Q

Light-Dependent Resistor

A

A light sensitive semiconductor whose resistance increases when light intensity decreases

109
Q

Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor

A

a component in which the resistance is inversely proportional to temperature

110
Q

Ohm

A

The unit of resistance

111
Q

Ohmic Conductor

A

A conductor for which the current flow is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, when under constant physical conditions.

112
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

For an ohmic conductor of constant temperature, V=IR

113
Q

Potential Difference

A

The difference in electrical potential between two points in a
circuit. It is also the work done per coulomb to move a charge from the lower
potential point to the higher potential point. It is measured in Volts.

114
Q

Power

A

The rate of energy transfer in a circuit. It can be calculated as the product
of the current and the potential difference between two points. It is measured in
Watts.

115
Q

Resistance

A

A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a material

116
Q

Resistivity

A

A measure of how difficult it is for charge to travel through a material.
It is proportional to the object’s resistance and cross-sectional area, and inversely
proportional to the object’s length. It is measured in Ohm metres

117
Q

Resistor

A

A device that has a fixed resistance and follows Ohm’s law

118
Q

Volt

A

The unit of potential difference

119
Q

Internal Resistance

A

The resistance to the flow of charge within a source. Internal
resistance results in energy being dissipated within the source

120
Q

Kirchhoff’s Second Law

A

A consequence of the conservation of energy. The sum of the voltages must equal the sum of emfs in a closed loop

121
Q

Lost Volts

A

The difference between a source’s emf and the terminal voltage. It is
equal to the potential difference across the source’s internal resistance

122
Q

Parallel Circuit

A

Components are said to be connected in parallel when they are
connected across each other (separate loops)

123
Q

Potential Divider

A

A method of splitting a potential difference, by connecting two
resistors in series. The total potential difference is split in the ratio of their
resistances.

124
Q

Resistors in Parallel

A

The potential difference across resistors connected in
parallel is identical for each resistor. The current is split between the resistors. The
total resistance is equal to the inverse of the sum of the inverses of the
resistances of the resistors.

125
Q

Resistors in Series

A

: The current through resistors connected in series is identical
for each resistor. The potential difference is split in the ratio of their resistances.
The total resistance is equal to the sum of the resistances of the resistors.

126
Q

Sensor Circuits

A

A circuit that reacts to external conditions. They commonly
involve a semiconductor connected in a potential divider arrangement

127
Q

Series Circuit

A

Components are said to be connected in series when they are
connected end to end (in one loop)

128
Q

Terminal PD

A

The potential difference across the terminals of a power source. It is
equal to the source’s emf minus any voltage drop over the source’s internal
resistance.

129
Q

Amplitude

A

A wave’s maximum displacement from its equilibrium position

130
Q

Antinodes

A

A position of maximum displacement in a stationary wave

131
Q

Coherence

A

Waves with the same frequency and constant phase difference

132
Q

Constructive Interference

A

The type of interference that occurs when two waves
meet in phase. The wave amplitudes are superposed

133
Q

Critical Angle

A

The angle of incidence that results in an angle of refraction of
exactly 90o . It is when the refracted ray travels along the boundary line

134
Q

Destructive Interference

A

The type of interference that occurs when the two waves are in antiphase. When one wave is at a peak and one is at a trough their
addition results in a minimum point

135
Q

Diffraction

A

The spreading of waves as they pass through a gap of a similar magnitude to their wavelength

136
Q

Displacement

A

The distance that a point on a wave is from its equilibrium position

137
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

The spectrum of electromagnetic waves, consisting of Gamma Rays, X-Rays, Ultraviolet, Visible Light, Infrared, Microwaves and
Radio waves

138
Q

Electromagnetic Waves

A

Waves that consist of perpendicular electric and magnetic oscillations. All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a
vacuum

139
Q

Frequency

A

The number of waves that pass a point in a unit time period. It is the
inverse of the time period

140
Q

Fundamental Mode of Vibration

A

The oscillation of a wave at its natural
frequency

141
Q

Intensity

A

The power transferred per unit area. It is proportional to the square of a
wave’s amplitude

142
Q

Interference

A

The superposition of the amplitudes of waves when they meet

143
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

A wave with oscillations that are parallel to the direction of
energy propagation. Sound waves are an example of a longitudinal wave. They
cannot travel through a vacuum

144
Q

Nodes

A

A position of minimum displacement in a stationary wave

145
Q

Oscilloscope

A

A device used to display and analyse waveforms

146
Q

Path Difference

A

A measure of how far ahead a wave is compared to another wave, usually expressed in terms of the wavelength

147
Q

Period

A

The time taken for a wave to complete one full cycle

148
Q

Phase Difference

A

The difference in phase between two points on a wave. It is usually expressed in radians

149
Q

Polarisation

A

The restriction of a wave so that it can only oscillate in a single plane. This can only occur for transverse waves

150
Q

Progressive Waves

A

Waves that transfer energy from one point to another without a transfer of matter

151
Q

Reflection

A

The bouncing of a wave at a boundary. The angle of incidence will
equal to the angle of reflection

152
Q

Refraction

A

The changing of speed of a wave as it passes into a new medium. If it
passes into an optically denser medium, it will slow down

153
Q

Refractive Index

A

A material property that is equal to the ratio between the speed
of light in a vacuum, and the speed of light in a given material

154
Q

Stationary Wave

A

A wave that stores, but does not transfer, energy

155
Q

Superposition

A

When two waves meet at the same point in space their
displacements combine and the total displacement at that point becomes the sum
of the individual displacements at that point

156
Q

Total Internal Reflection

A

An effect that occurs in optical fibres, where full reflection occurs at the inside boundary of the fibre, meaning no radiation passes
out. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle for this to occur

157
Q

Transverse Waves

A

A wave with oscillations that are perpendicular to the
direction of energy propagation. Electromagnetic waves are examples of
transverse waves

158
Q

Wave Speed

A

The product of a wave’s frequency and wavelength

159
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two identical positions on two adjacent
waves. It is commonly measured from peak to peak or trough to trough

160
Q

Young Double-Slit Experiment

A

An experiment that demonstrates the diffraction of light by passing monochromatic light across two narrow slits and observing the resulting pattern of bright and dark fringes

161
Q

Absolute Temperature

A

A temperature value relative to absolute zero

162
Q

Absolute Zero

A

The lowest possible temperature of a system, where no heat remains and the particles in the system have no kinetic energy

163
Q

Avogadro Constant

A

The number of particles that make up one mole of any gas (6.02x10^23)

164
Q

Boltzmann Constant

A

A constant relating the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a gas, to the gas’ temperature

165
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume when held at constant temperature

166
Q

Brownian Motion

A

The random motion of particles

167
Q

Change of Phase

A

The transitions between solids, liquids and gases. During a change of phase, there is a change of internal energy but not temperature

168
Q

Equation of State of an Ideal Gas

A

:An equation linking pressure, volume, number of moles, temperature and the ideal gas constant

169
Q

Gas

A

A phase of matter in which the particles are high energy and free to move.
Gases will fill the space they are placed in

170
Q

Internal Energy

A

The sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential
energies of the particles in a given system

171
Q

Kelvin

A

The unit of absolute temperature

172
Q

Liquid

A

A phase of matter in which the particles can slide over each other, but still have forces of attraction between each other

173
Q

Solid

A

A phase of matter in which the particles can only vibrate about fixed
positions, due to strong intermolecular forces

174
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

The amount of energy required to increase the
temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin

175
Q

Specific Latent Heat

A

The amount of energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance without a change of temperature

176
Q

Thermal Equilibrium

A

A stable state in which there is no thermal heat transfer
between two regions

177
Q
A

OCR A A Level Physics (27 decks)

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