Definitions

Question 1

DSM-5 Criteria of substance-related and addictive disorders

Answer 1

10 substances
1 behaviour (gambling)

• pattern of engagement in past 12 months that causes clinically significant harm
• must have at least have 2/11 symptoms
• mild 2-3
• moderate 4-5
• severe 6+

Question 2

ICD diagnostic criteria for dependence syndrome

Answer 2

3+/6 present together at some time during previous yr:
- strong desire/compulsion to take substance
- difficulties controlling substance-taking beh
- withdrawal
- tolerance
- neglect of hobbies/interests because of sub use/procurement/recovery time
- persistent use despite harmful consequences

Question 3

DSM-5 11 diagnostic criteria for substance use

Answer 3

• larger amounts/longer period than intended
• desire/efforts to cut down
• time spent to obtain, use, or recover
• craving
• use results in failure to fulfill role oblig.
• continued use despite social/interper. probs caused by effects
• activities given up, reduced
• use in hazardous situations
• use despite psyc/phys probs
• tolerance, with either of
  a) need inc. amount for same effect
  b) diminished effect with use of same amount
• withdrawal/ with either of
  a) characteristic withdrawal syndrome for substance
  b) substance taken to relieve or avoid its withdrawal symptoms

Question 4

name the 5 models of addiction

Answer 4

• moral model
• medical/disease model
• indigenous perspectives
• biopsychosocial model
• transdiagnostic/ continuum model

Question 5

moral model

Answer 5

addiction as character flaw
- 18/19th century, addiction common, cocaine was cure all
- public shaming (temperance movement)

Question 6

strengths/weaknesses of moral model

Answer 6

strengths: attempted to reduce drug addiction

weaknesses: ineffective, not scientific or empirical

Question 7

medical/disease model

Answer 7

addictive drugs cause LT progressive changes in brain
- categorical approach, can’t be cured, 12 step programs
- end of 19th century, intended to shift blame off of individual

Question 8

strengths/weaknesses of medical/disease model

Answer 8

strengths: scientific, tried to shift blame off of individual

weaknesses: saying addiction can never be cured (negative approach)

Question 9

indigenous perspectives model

Answer 9

balance of physical, mental, emotional, spiritual health
- medicine wheel
- recognizes colonial-linked stressors, cultural resilience factors -> culture as intervention
- 2 eyed seeing (Albert Marshall)

Question 10

strengths/weaknesses of indigenous perspectives model

Answer 10

strengths: incorporates all aspects that can influence addiction

Question 11

biopsychosocial model

Answer 11

interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
- bio: genetics are mod-high, ind. diff in reward sensitivity
- psych: mental health, impulsivity
- social: adversity, social determinants of health

Question 12

strengths/weaknesses of biopsychosocial model

Answer 12

strengths: connects all aspects of addiction

Question 13

transdiagnostic model

Answer 13

Shaffer et al - addiction as syndrome, shared risk factors, manifests as diff substance use + behaviours
- depends on availability, social acceptance, peer influence
Griffiths - salience, mood modification, tolerance/withdrawal, conflict, relapse

Question 14

continuum model (traffic light)

Answer 14

• addiction (compulsion, neg consequences, symptoms of addiction)
• problematic use (habit, some neg consequences, begin to show symptoms of addiction
• recreational use (casual, negligible health/social effects, may have some neg effects)

Question 15

strengths/weaknesses of transdiagnostic/ continuum models

Answer 15

strength: shows gradual effects of addiction