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A - level Sociology Globalisation > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is global culture?

A

A set of shared experience, norms, symbols and ideas that unite people at a global level to reflect a standarisation of cultural expressions around the world. Global culture is spread through mass communication as globalisation has allowed the world to become more connected and interdependent. One example is the growth of American fast food such as McDonalds that utilise their products and advertisements to keep up to date with cultural trends and emphasise idealised American values like freedom to maintain large scale markets. Another example is global sporting events that involve the participation of most countries drawing them together through a sense of celebration, national pride as well as competition

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2
Q

What does Cohen and Kennedy (2000) believe about globalisation?

A

A series of transformations of the world including changes in the concept of time and space, independent economies, increasing cultural interactions and increasingly shared problems

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3
Q

What does Giddens (1990) believe about globalisation?

A

Globalisation can be defined in the intensification of worldwide social relations linking distant localities and local places together through events

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4
Q

What does Cochrain and Pain (2000) believe about globalisation?

A

The emergence of global economic and cultural system which is incorporating the people of the world in a single global society

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5
Q

How does economic globalisation break down national boundaries?

A
  • interconnectedness of world economies
  • global trade and financial flows
  • transnational companies
  • international economic institutions
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6
Q

How does political globalisation break down national boundaries?

A
  • the spreading of democratic ideas and human right
  • increased international cooperation
  • global governance institutions
  • interventions in global affairs
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7
Q

How does cultural globalisation break down national boundaries?

A
  • sharing of cultures across borders
  • potential for cultural homogenisation
  • influence of media and technologies
  • global trends in fashion, music and entertainment
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8
Q

What does Albrow (1990) argue about globalisation?

A

It is the process by which people are incorporated into a single world society

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9
Q

What does Waters (2001) argue about globalisation?

A

It is the decline of geographical, economic, political, social and cultural constraints

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10
Q

Why are there difficulties to define globalisation?

A
  • Doesn’t imply power dynamics
  • can result in cultural homogenisation
  • limits itself to economic, political and cultural factors
  • doesn’t consider challenges
  • it can be rejected as a form of cultural resistance
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11
Q

What are the advantages to globalisation?

A
  • access to global knowledge and resources
  • opportunities for cross - cultural understanding
  • economic opportunities through e - commerce
  • online communities
  • changes in communication such as language and slang
  • exposure to diverse perspectives
  • collaborative problem - solving on global issues
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of globalisation?

A
  • digital divide and unequal access to opportunities
  • spread of misinformation
  • cybersecurity threats
  • potential loss of local cultures and traditions
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13
Q

What are the ethical considerations of globalisation?

A
  • data protection and privacy issues
  • digital sovereignty
  • algorithmic bias and fairness
  • balancing innovation with regulation
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14
Q

What are the future trends of digital globalisation?

A
  • artificial intelligence and automation
  • internet of things (IoT)
  • virtual and augmented reality
  • 5G
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15
Q

What did McLuhan (1964) foresaw?

A

The rise of the concept global village as he compared the growth of communication and media to a massive central nervous system that would link everyone on earth creating a single, “super - culture,” resulting in cultural homogenisation

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16
Q

What are the positives of the global village?

A
  • increased interconnectedness and communication across borders allowing collaboration on a global scale
  • cultural exchange and understanding
  • it allows the expansion of markets, access to a wider rnage of goods and services and potential economic growth for individuals and businesses
  • access to information and knowledge
  • global cooperation and problem - solving towards climate change, poverty nd pandemics
17
Q

What are the negatives of the global villages?

A
  • cultural homogenisation
  • benefits help first world countries more than third world
  • loss of local control and autonomy as national sovereignty and local decision making is undermined
  • spread of misinformation and harmful content through hate speech allowing the coordination of civil wars in Africa and the growth of terrorist groups and individuals as they see it as a form of global propaganda
  • increased global trade and consumption can effect the environment through carbon emissions and resource depletion
18
Q

What does Steven (2004) argue about globalisation?

A

Despite vast differences in background and location, a large part of the world’s population now consumes the same entertainment through these digital networks and social media

19
Q

What is the digital revolution?

A

It is the massive and rapid advances in technology in the past few decades through forms of communication. Initially, there was the extension and development of existing forms of media on various platforms. For example many newspapers now have significant readership online as well as on paper. Another important way in which traditional forms of media have evolved through satellite transmission and cables meaning that people can access television and a larger range of shows can be watched on demand and streaming platforms. This can be further seen through the development of phones, laptops and tablets to further communication. This communication can be adapted through different aspects of life such as shopping, relationships, diets and health

20
Q

How has access to technology in the global north changed from 2002 - 2012?

A

2002 - 50 - 60%
2012 - 70 - 100%

21
Q

What does Castells (2002) argue?

A

Through Marxist influence, there is a shift from post - industrialism to informationalism as the growth in communication has caused a shift from oil to information as a central characteristic of society. However, it leaves behind people with lower economic capital to not being able to afford the technological advances decreasing their social mobility

22
Q

What is a virtual community?

A

A social network of individuals who create an online community which may or may not reflect their offline lives over geographical, political and social boundaries. This can be formed over:
- message boards
- online chat rooms
- virtual worlds
- social networks - Instagram, snapchat and tiktok to maintain friendships, WhatsApp for family and friend networks and LinkedIn and Facebook for work networks
- specific services communities - Tumblr and Pinterest and specialised dating sites help connect people with similar interests

23
Q

What did Carter (2005) conduct?

A

She researched a virtual community called cybercity with 1,062,072 users in June 2004. When visiting the community, she carried out participant observation and questionnaires as well as semi - structured interviews. Her research discovered it as a place to meet people with similar interests as she found that people who meet a person online do in fact often then continue these friendships offline by meeting them in person as cyberspace is embedded into their daily lives

24
Q

What was Boellstorff (2008)’s research?

A

They engaged in virtual communities by spending two years on fieldwork in the game second life. Through his role as Tom Bukowski, he used participant observation and online interviews on a range of issues such as gender, race, sex, money, conflict and anti - social behavior as these could be altered in the game. Despite the adult censorship of he game, add - ons allowing to assault other players as well as pornography and prostitution leading the Belgian police to patrol the game in 2007

25
Q

What is a networked global society?

A

It is the idea that in the post - industrial society, the focus is on information as a result of new forms of communication. Those with access to information create social networks resulting in greater employability and hierarchal status. In other words, having relationships or connections with people at a global level leads to material rewards known as social capital. A good example is LinkedIn founded in 2002 to develop employment based connections with now over 20 million users worldwide

26
Q

What is media/ technological convergence?

A

It refers to the ways different kinds of information are combined and delivered in one format such as videos, texts, images being stored and accessed on one website affecting the way we consume media. It can also mean how social media platforms are able to communicate to share contacts. Boyle (2005) supports this through capitalist ides of pursuit of profit, private ownership and material objects being advertised on media platforms. it interactive format means people can shape new forms of convergent media in individualistic ways

27
Q

What is economic convergence?

A

Due to digitalisation, companies that used to focus on one thing such as making televisions have expanded into other sectors. One example is amazon who started as an online bookstore expanded into a streaming platform, technological service and online supermarket

28
Q

What is cultural convergence?

A

Through the interconnected nature of social media, cultures are becoming more homogenised as online people around the world see the same kind of content and have online experiences

29
Q

What is big data?

A

It is an extremely large set of data that may be analysed digitally and non - digitally to reveal patterns, trends and links in human behavior and interactions. This data is usually collected through commercial companies. Its significance can be contributed through:
- volume
- the speed of data streaming
- the variety of data formats such as unstructured text documents, email, video, audio, stock market data and financial transactions
- variability of data flows
- complexity of data from different sources

30
Q

What is social media?

A

Any form of digitally based platform for making, confirming or developing social networks at global reach. The first mass usage of social media was cyworld launched in South Korea in 1999 (Miller 2012)

31
Q

How was Facebook creeated?

A

A group of Harvard students experimenting ways to connect and communicate and in 6 years, there were half a billion users mostly 24 - 35 year olds

32
Q

What were the users on twitter like?

A

15 million users on twitter by 2014 in the UK and 80% used it it via a Iphone

33
Q

What were the fastest growing social media networks in 2014?

A

Pinterest and Instagram mostly used by women

34
Q

What was the growth of Snapchat like?

A

It was launched in 2011 and by 2014, the average user was female and reflected 70% of the 13 - 20 age bracket

35
Q

What does ofcom’s annual news consumption report in 2014 say?

A

41% of the population use the net to keep up to date with current affairs increasing cultural capital

36
Q

What does Van Dijck (2013) highlight?

A

Online communities are being a core part of how we see ourselves and connect with others. Teenagers rely on social media for their social lives, news outlets using twitter for breaking stories, aspiring musicians need YouTube and student depend on google and Wikipedia for research

A - level Sociology Globalisation (1 decks)

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