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Biology yr 11 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecosystem

A

community of living organisms and their interactions with their environment
biotic components
abiotic components

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2
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of life forming in a particular area
gene pool, genes with thin an ecosystem, of the ecosystems in the biosphere

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3
Q

environment

A

the surroundings or conditions in which living organisms exist

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4
Q

Habitat

A

a specific place where an organism lives and can find the resources it needs

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5
Q

Niche

A

the unique role that an organism has within its ecosystem
when organisms have the same niches from different parts of the world, they evolve similar physical characteristics so other characteristics have to be used

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6
Q

Biotic

A

anything related to living things or the influence of living organisms

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7
Q

Abiotic

A

non living factors in an ecosystem

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8
Q

Spatial

A

physical arrangement of organisms or structures in a given area

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9
Q

Temporal

A

anything related to time of events in a specific ecosystem

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10
Q

Biome

A

a large area characterized by its climate, vegetation, wildlife

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

the global ecosystem, where living organisms interact with their environment

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12
Q

Ecology

A

the study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment

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13
Q

Sclerophylls, Xerophytes

A

plants with tough leaves that adapted to hot and dry environments

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14
Q

Halophytes

A

adapted to salty environment

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15
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

body parts are arranged around a central point, circle

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16
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

organism divided into two equal halves

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17
Q

Autotropic

A

organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis or other processes

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18
Q

Heterotrophic

A

organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms or organic matter

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19
Q

Terrestrial

A

characteristic of the Earth or land rather than the sea or air.

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20
Q

Symbiosis

A

We’re two individuals from the same speciec interact, and at least one of them benefits

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21
Q

Xylem

A

vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the root up to the plants.

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22
Q

Arthropods

A

a group of animals with jointed legs/foot

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23
Q

two common groups of plants?

A

Vascular & non-vascular

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24
Q

characteristics of an annelida

A

Have segmented tube-like body

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25
Q

Non-Vascular plant example

A

moss

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26
Q

what are Vascular plants able to do

A

able to grow taller because of the added support and faster nutrient transport of xylem and phloem.

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27
Q

Platyhelminthes are commonly
known as?

A

flatworms

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28
Q

eukaryote

A

type of cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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29
Q

binomial name

A

scientific two part name
genus and species
eg homo sapiens

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30
Q

binomial system

A

system of naming organisms using two parts
generic name & specific name

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31
Q

biological species concept

A

definitions of species based on wether members can interbreed
-can’t apply to extinct organisms
-hybrids

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32
Q

biotic factor

A

living factor within an ecosystem such as a plant or animal

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33
Q

clade

A

a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants,

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34
Q

classification key

A

took used to identify organisms based on their characteristics

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35
Q

dichotomous

A

classification systems where each branch has two options

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36
Q

amino acid

A

nitrogen containing compound that is the building block of proteins

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37
Q

bacteria

A

microscopic unicellular organisms that are prokaryotic; they don’t have nuclear membranes/membrane bound organelles

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38
Q

endemic

A

species that us native to a particular geographic region

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39
Q

gene

A

section of dna in a chromosome that encodes an instruction for a specific protein which can affect characteristics

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40
Q

gene pool

A

sum of all the genes including all of their different forms in a given population of one species

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41
Q

hybrid

A

non viable, infertile offspring that can result from the mating of two individuals from a different species

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42
Q

monophyletic

A

organisms that are grouped together as a clade (includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants)

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43
Q

morphological species concept

A

definition of a species based on physical characteristics

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44
Q

organelle

A

specialized structure within a cell that has a specific function

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45
Q

organism

A

living things that can respire to produce energy, grow, respond to stimuli, consume nutrients, reproduce, regulate their internal environment

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46
Q

paraphyletic

A

group that doesn’t include all the animals that come from the same ancestor.

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47
Q

photosynthesis

A

chemical reaction using energy from the sun to convert carbon dis ice and water into glucose and ovxygen

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48
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

species our group of animals that share the same common ancestor, determined through their evolutionary history

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49
Q

population

A

Group of individuals belonging to the same species living in a particular area at the same time 

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50
Q

Prokaryote

A

A simple type of cell that lacks the nucleus and membrane bond organelles

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51
Q

radially symmetrical

A

Having a circular body plan with structures that radiates out

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52
Q

species

A

A group of morphologically similar organisms that share gene pool; members of a species can introvert in natural conditions to produce for viable offspring 

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53
Q

Taxonomic level

A

A group of organisms; the major taxa are domains, kingdom, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, species

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54
Q

vascular tissue

A

a system of interconnected cells that transport water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant.

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55
Q

vertebrates

A

animals with a backbone

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56
Q

cladistics

A

classify organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It groups organisms into clades on a phylogenetic tree to understand their relatedness. It helps us understand biodiversity and the connections between different species.

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57
Q

biosphere

A

The sum of all ecosystems across the world 

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58
Q

Collaboration

A

The beneficial working together of members of the same species 

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59
Q

Commensalism

A

A one-sided interaction between species from which one organism benefits, the commensal and the other does not benefit, but it is not harmed 

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60
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species in an ecosystem, living close enough to interact

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61
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship, which benefits, both species in their relationship 

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62
Q

parasite

A

an organism, such as a bacteria, virus, or fungi worm that lives on or in another organism(the host)

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63
Q

parasitism

A

A relationship between two species of parasites and a house, in which the parasite, derives it’s nutrients from the host, which is harmed, not killed,, though it may sit and die overtime

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64
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration involves breaking down glucose and combining it with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

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65
Q

Geochemical

A

describes the chemical interactions that take place in crustal and subcostal reservoirs such as the deep earth and the crust 

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66
Q

Gross primary productivity GPP

A

The total organic matter in an ecosystem or specified area produced by photosynthesis

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67
Q

Heterotroph

A

an organism that cannot synthesize its own organic compounds from simple inorganic materials. It depends on other organisms for nutrients and energy requirements. 

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68
Q

net, primary productivity, NPP

A

The amount of organic matter actually available to herbivores the GPP less the energy required by the producers themselves 

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69
Q

Zooplankton

A

Zooplankton are tiny animals that drift in the water column. examples of zooplankton include copepods, krill, and jellyfish.

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70
Q

open ecosystem

A

Where there’s a flow, energy, and matter in the ecosystem and its surroundings allowing the interactions with external factors 

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71
Q

closed ecosystem

A

A self-contained ecosystem with minimal exchange of energy and matter with the outside environment

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72
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

two different species who live close to eachother and interact

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73
Q

keystone

A

not very common species, large impact on lower tropics level

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74
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass; consist of atoms

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75
Q

molecular phylogenetic

A

The analysis of DNA, genetic sequences  example evolutionary relationships

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76
Q

diversity can be considered at the level of…

A

Species, ecosystems and genetics

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77
Q

physical characteristics

A

hair, fur, feathers, back bone, number of limbs

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78
Q

interspecific relationships

intraspecific

A

bro said exist between different species, example, dolphin, and fish

relationship that exists between members of the same species, for example, wolves interacting 

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79
Q

monophyletic groups

A

include common ancestor and all its descendants

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80
Q

out groups

A

closely related species used as reference points to compare the characteristics of group being studied

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81
Q

Biodiversity hotspots

A

An area with numerous endemic species with the large number of endangered and certain species must contain at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants and have lost at least 70% of its primary native vegetation

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82
Q

Biodiversity hotspots

A

An area with numerous endemic species with the large number of endangered and certain species must contain at least 1500 species of endemic vascular plants and have lost at least 70% of its primary native vegetation

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83
Q

biome

A

Large scale category of ecosystem across the large geographical area

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84
Q

biome

A

Large scale category of ecosystem across the large geographical area

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85
Q

dominant species

A

The most common or abundant species in a particular ecosystem 

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86
Q

eco parasites 

A

parasites such as lice and ticks that live and feed on the external surface of their host organism

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87
Q

Ecology

A

The branch of biology that explodes the relationship between living things and their surroundings 

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88
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species in an ecosystem living in close proximity to interact 

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89
Q

Environment

A

The abiotic biotic factors of an area

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90
Q

Environment

A

The abiotic biotic factors of an area

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91
Q

habitat

A

an area or environment with an ecosystem where an individual of a species lives, feeds and reproduces

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92
Q

limiting factor

A

an element of the environment that restricts the survival of an organism to region 

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93
Q

symbiosis

A

A relationship between individuals of two or more species that is beneficial to at least one species 

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94
Q

symbiosis

A

A relationship between individuals of two or more species that is beneficial to at least one species 

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95
Q

Biochemical cycle

A

cycling of matter through the living components organisms and nonliving components, such as soil rocks, water, and the atmosphere of an ecosystem 

nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle etc

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96
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

The cycling of matter through the living components organisms and nonliving components, such a soil rocks, water, and the atmosphere of an ecosystem 

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97
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

The cycling of matter through the living components organisms and nonliving components, such a soil rocks, water, and the atmosphere of an ecosystem 

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98
Q

biomass

A

The total mass of biological matter, living or dead in a given area at a given time, it can be used as an energy source 

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99
Q

biomass

A

The total mass of biological matter, living or dead in a given area at a given time, it can be used as an energy source 

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100
Q

cellular respiration

A

A series of cellular biochemical reactions and processes that use glucose oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water energy releases to convert ADP to ATP

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101
Q

cellular respiration

A

A series of cellular biochemical reactions and processes that use glucose oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water energy releases to convert ADP to ATP

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102
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

The theory that no two species can occupy the same ecological niece for an extended period of time 

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103
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

The theory that no two species can occupy the same ecological niece for an extended period of time 

104
Q

consumption

A

when a consumer feeds on a producer or another consumer, transferring matter along the food chain 

105
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

The process which free nitrogen is fixed or combined from ammonium or nitrate ions before living things can make use of growth. All nitrogen fixing organisms are prokaryotes. 

106
Q

reservoir

A

Living or nonliving components of a biochemical cycle that holds matter for a long time the location of cycling matter in the biosphere for example, the ocean is a reservoir for water and sedimentary rock is a reservoir for carbon in the form of fossil fuels

107
Q

reservoir

A

Living or nonliving components of a biochemical cycle that holds matter for a long time the location of cycling matter in the biosphere for example, the ocean is a reservoir for water and sedimentary rock is a reservoir for carbon in the form of fossil fuels

108
Q

abundance

A

how many: the number of organisms of a particular species in a population?

109
Q

density

A

The number of individuals in a given area can use spiral mass volume for small individuals

110
Q

density

A

The number of individuals in a given area can use spiral mass volume for small individuals

111
Q

Density dependent factor

A

The factors whose effect on the population very depending on the density of population, the greater the density of the population and more individuals diary failed to reproduce

112
Q

Density independent factor

A

The factors that affect all individuals in a population, regardless of population size, the impact of the factor is the same usually leading to drastic decline in population 

113
Q

k selection

A

A type of population growth in which initial growth may be slow, but over the long-term sustainable population is maintained

114
Q

k selection

A

A type of population growth in which initial growth may be slow, but over the long-term sustainable population is maintained

115
Q

Population composition

A

The measurable characteristics of a population such as age, sex ratios and fertility rates

116
Q

population density

A

The number of individuals of the same species living in the same habitat at a particular time per units area

117
Q

Population dynamics

A

The way which population of a species change in size and structure over time

118
Q

r slection

A

A type of population growth in which opportunistic species quickly colonize an unstable ecosystem leading to pattern of rapid population, increased and decrease their eventual replacement by competitors

119
Q

Species distribution modeling

A

A computerized modeling method used to predict future needs and resource management 

120
Q

climax community

A

The stable community presents at the final stage and succession. It is stable as long as an environmental factor remain unchanged. 

121
Q

Pangaea

A

The supercontinents consisting of all earths landmasses 

122
Q

pioneer plants

A

Plants that colonize moving into and establish a newly forming community, usually autotrophic and able to attach to a new substrate

123
Q

nudation

A

bare rocks that allow lichen then moss to inhabit then they dissolve and make dust and then soil

124
Q

primary succession

A

When succession begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

125
Q

Secondary success

A

A process of changing an ecosystem when a previously established communities taken over by new group of organisms occurs after natural disturbance, like fire and flood or human intervention logging land clearing

126
Q

Biological control

A

A method of pest control in which another species is introduced that can control the population of the pest species

127
Q

bottom trawling

A

A destructive method of fishing which involves dragging a large net across the seafloor 

128
Q

Bush corridors

A

The strips of regenerative land between isolated habitats that reconnect subpopulations, returning habitat to populations and enabling subpopulations to interbreed 

129
Q

by catch

A

The unwanted fish and other marine creatures trapped by commercial, fishing nets during fishing

130
Q

hypoxia
amoxic

A

low oxygen
no oxygen 

131
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

occurs when some parts of the habitat of an ecosystem are separated into isolated sections. This can be result of land clearing for agricultural construction of roads, urbanization, or human activities. 

132
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

occurs when some parts of the habitat of an ecosystem are separated into isolated sections. This can be result of land clearing for agricultural construction of roads, urbanization, or human activities. 

133
Q

Dryland salinity

A

The process of salts normally found under the surface of soil being transported to the soil surface by rising water table, the cause of rising water table is the removal of deep rooted native vegetation, which is replaced by agricultural crops. Salinity refers to the salt concentration if it gets too high plants will no longer grow and the soil infertile

134
Q

Dryland salinity

A

The process of salts normally found under the surface of soil being transported to the soil surface by rising water table, the cause of rising water table is the removal of deep rooted native vegetation, which is replaced by agricultural crops. Salinity refers to the salt concentration if it gets too high plants will no longer grow and the soil infertile

135
Q

urbanization

A

Is the extreme modification of an ecosystem by humans to support human population of gradually increasing density urban ecosystems have reduced by diversity and dominated by people there is an increasing output of gases and material wastes and they are disposing to ecosystem which internal also altered

136
Q

Seed bank

A

A reservoir for plant genetic material, especially for species threatened with extinction. If a species became extinct seeds from the sea bank could be used to re-introduce them. 

137
Q

revegetation and bush corridor

A

which corridor are the strips of generated land between isolated habitats that reconnect subpopulations returning habitat to populations and enabling sub populations to interbreed 

138
Q

decomposer

A

fox scavenger-dead animals
maggot- detrivore- dead plants
fungi- decomposer- break down organic matter-> nutrient goes back into soil

139
Q

decomposer

A

fox scavenger-dead animals
maggot- detrivore- dead plants
fungi- decomposer- break down organic matter-> nutrient goes back into soil

140
Q

amino acid

A

building block for protein

141
Q

captive breed for release

A

using a different animals to release into the wild to establish new populations to increase existing ones

142
Q

chemical control

A

poison for invasive species also culling

143
Q

overharversing

A

harvesting faster than the pupulstion can recover

144
Q

salination

A

more salt in soil

145
Q

translocation

A

Transport and release of animals in other location

146
Q

Unsustainable use

A

Overuse or overharvesting of natural resources, including species at rates that exceeds the recovery rates of population resource

147
Q

emigration

A

leaving the habitat

148
Q

immigration

A

coming into the habitat

149
Q

fire pros

A

-makes soil more fertile
-removed slow growing trees-> opens space for others
-heat->biotic changes bc some species regenerate from fire released seeds
-returns nutrients to soils that were trapped in plant biomass

150
Q

biology

A

the study of living things. All living things, including us, interact with other living things and non-living things on our planet.

151
Q

ecosystem supporting services

A

provison of habitat, nutrient cycling, primary production, soil formatation and retention , production of oxygen, water cycling

152
Q

nutrient cycling importance

A

required for the transformation of nutrients from one form to another so that it can be readily utilised by different organisms

153
Q

primary production

A

the conversion from light energy into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds by living organisms(autotrophs). The main source of this energy is sunlight but a minute fraction of primary production is driven by lithotrophic organisms using the chemical energy of inorganic molecules.

broad term of NPP and GPP

154
Q

soil formation and retention

A

Soil texture, bulk density, and organic matter primarily determine the soil’s water-holding capacity.

155
Q

water cycling

A

Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow. Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere (transportation).

156
Q

ecosystem regulation services

A

invasion resistance, herbivory, pollination, seed dispersal, climate regulation, pest regulation, disease regulation, natural hazard protection, erosion protection, water purification

157
Q

more biodiversity more productivity

A

assimilating nutrients and solar energy, resulting in greater production of biomass.

158
Q

Invasive species harm native species and the natural environment

A

preying on or infecting them.
competing with them for resources.
modifying and degrading habitats.
transmitting disease.
reducing native biodiversity.
disrupting ecosystem processes.

they are not native to the ecosystem and may out compete native species for resources, such as food and shelter.

159
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis:

A

This is a more selective form of endocytosis. Specific molecules bind to receptors on the cell membrane, triggering the formation of a vesicle to bring the molecule into the cell

160
Q

Classifying ecosystems using biotic features

A

Ecosystems are often named after the dominant species present.

161
Q

classification why?

A

Identify and organise information about organism
Assist in the identification of invasive species
Describe by diversity and ecosystems
universal scientific communication between scientists

162
Q

hierarchy of classification

A

domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

163
Q
A
164
Q

Species biodiversity

A

The variety of different species in an ecosystem. Different animals plants, etc. that exist in a particular area.

165
Q

ecosystem biodiversity

A

Variety of different ecosystems or habitats on earth

166
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

Variety of jeans within a species, the different traits and characteristics that make individuals within a species unique

167
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that a given area can sustain

168
Q

light dependent reaction

A

photochemical reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).

169
Q

trophic efficiency

A

how much energy is available from one level to the next within a food chain

170
Q

trophic efficiency

A

how much energy is available from one level to the next within a food chain

171
Q

ecological succession

A

process of change in the community composition and structure, usually towards the establishment of a stable ecosystem. It includes changes in both biotic and abiotic factors over time when stable community is established. It is known as a climax community

172
Q

population dynamics

A

The ecological interactions (biotic and abiotic interactions) that lead to fluctuations in population size.It refers to how populations of a species change in size and structure over time. Rates of reproduction, death and migration are important factors in population dynamics

173
Q

population abundance

A

The relative representation of a speciesin a particular ecosystem. It can be measured as either population size or density, and knowing the abundance in a sample of areas of an ecosystem can help determine population distribution. Total abundancerefers to the total number of organisms of each species present, or, the number of organisms per unit area which live in a particular part of their distribution.

174
Q

population composition

A

Includes the characteristics of a population, such as age, sex ratios, age structure (the number of organisms for each age group), fertility rate and average number of offspring per female.

175
Q

uniform distributon

A

organisms are evenly spaced

175
Q

random distribution

A

organisms are spaced irregularyl

176
Q

lumen- thylakoid space

A

the compartment where molecular oxygen is produced from water during photosynthetic light-dependent reactions.

177
Q

scat drone

A

has a little probe attached to it for DNA analysis. It can go and look for scat samples around the island, and analyse them in real-time for us,’ says UWA Associate Professor Parwinder Kaur, who is leading the research. This initial information can then be sequenced and analysed further in the cloud with the help of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Data collected will contribute to the world-wide DNA Zoo program.

178
Q

s curve popultion growth

A

The S-curve growth refers to a pattern where initial growth is slow, followed by a rapid increase as new skills are acquired (the sweet spot), and finally mastery is reached where work becomes easier but the curve flattens

179
Q

j curve

A

J-curve growth refers to a graphical depiction of growth patterns when a change is induced1. It is a curve on a graph that records the situation in which, in a new environment, the population density of an organism increases rapidly in an exponential or logarithmic form, but then stops abruptly as environmental resistance or some other factor suddenly becomes effective2. The curve shows a sudden fall in the short run and then gradually starts recovering. Soon it reaches the breakeven point, after which it outperforms to reach a new high1. J curve can be defined as the j shaped growth curve that graphically represents a situation in a new environment where the population density of an organism increases at an exponential rate

180
Q

survivorship curve

A

Survivorship curves are graphs that show the distribution of individuals in a population according to age1

181
Q

Limited resources can consist of:-

A

Availability of resources such as water, food, sunlight, shelter -Predation-DiseaseCarrying capacity is the maximum size of a population that an ecosystem can support with its limited resources.

182
Q

colonosition of a new area

A

When a few members of a species colonise a new and favourable habitat, their population increases rapidly. However, this population growth cannot be sustained; resources are used and the population begins to level off. Despite minor fluctuations in the size of populations, there tend to be upper and lower limits. For a given species in a particular habitat, there is a certain equilibrium population that the ecosystem can support

183
Q

fire regime

A

Traditionally, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People regularly burned sections of the bush to aid hunting and stimulate new growth of plants for food. So-called ‘fire-stick farming’ greatly increased the frequency of fires in many parts of Australia and gave rise to a pattern of vegetation that became dependent on regular burning. This human intervention disrupted regular succession patterns to maintain a grassland state

Throughout much of Australia, Indigenous Australians changed the existing regime of fire induced by lightning to one of fire induced by humans, so they could manage and sustain the productivity of the land. In the process, the distribution and abundance of plant species changed, and those that were more fire-tolerant increased. This in turn produced changes in the distribution and abundance of wildlife

184
Q

Technology to improve monitoring of change

A

Contemporary technologies such as drones and GPS can help collect data and monitor the activities of animals and animals more accurately.These technologies are currently used by different groups to restore environments. For example, the WA Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions uses these technologies to restore Dirk Hartog Island (Wirruwana) to its pre-settlement ecosystem.

185
Q

impact of perscribed burning

A

If the prescribed burning rate is faster than the plant life cycle then plant species will start to disappear. Plants that have a juvenile period of more than 6 years, such as Banksia baueri, B. nutans and B. baxteri(all keystone, nectar-producing species) would gradually be eliminated, and species associated with late stages in the series or climax states of the ecosystem, such as tammar wallabies, quokkas and honey possums, would disappear.To protect the biodiversity of the southwestern area of WA, careful consideration of the life cycles and impacts on the plant and animal life is required. Given that projections of climate change suggest there will be more frequent and intense fires in the future, it is imperative that scientists find out the best strategy for long term protection of our unique biodiversity.

186
Q

n mining and ecological restoratio

A

WA’s mining boom has resulted in huge economic benefit to all Australians. However, mining blasting and digging has enormously changed the landscape, devastating many habitats. Eventually government enforced restrictions on mining development and when mining sites are allowed to be established, a restoration plan is required for the surrounding ecosystems.Koolanooka Mine Site, 400 km NE of Perth is one area that is in the process of being restored. The use of research provided effective ecological restoration of vegetation communities at Koolanooka, Blue Hills and Weld Range, which have been or will be impacted by iron-ore mining. The mine aims to restore 70 per cent of the known original species diversity

187
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of initial energy required to start a chemical reaction

188
Q

Active site

A

the place on the surface of an enzyme molecule where substrate molecules attach

189
Q

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

A

a low-energy compound composed of adenine and ribose with two phosphate groups attached; it is converted to ATP for energy storage when it gains a phosphate group

190
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

a type of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria in the presence of oxygen

191
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

a form of anaerobic respiration (occurring when no oxygen is present); glucose is converted to ethanol, a type of alcohol

192
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

the reactions in living things that involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones and usually require energy to form new bonds

193
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

a type of cellular respiration which takes place in the cytosol in the absence of oxygen

194
Q

Biochemical processes

A

chemical processes that occur in living cells and result in products needed by cells; most are from chains and cycles of biochemical reactions, with each step controlled by a separate, specific enzyme

195
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

the reactions in living things that involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones and usually release energy from breaking bonds

196
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up in the reaction

197
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

all of the chemical processes occurring in a living cell

198
Q

Coenzyme

A

a small, non-protein organic substance that must be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyse a certain reaction

199
Q

Cofactor

A

a small, inorganic substance that must be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyse a certain reaction

200
Q

Denatured

A

(of proteins) structurally changed by factors such as pH and temperature; if the protein is an enzyme, the change destroys the shape of the active site and results in a loss of function

201
Q

endergonic reaction

A

an energy-requiring chemical reaction

202
Q

enzyme–substrate complex

A

a substance formed when an enzyme molecule and a substrate molecule join

203
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

a reaction that releases energy

204
Q

Glycolysis

A

an energy-yielding process occurring in the cell cytosol in which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate in enzyme reactions that do not require oxygen; this first stage of cellular respiration produces two ATP molecules

205
Q

Grana

A

a stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll

206
Q

Induced-fit model

A

a model suggesting that the shape of an enzyme’s active site undergoes specific changes, induced by the substrate, to achieve a high degree of specificity with the substrate

207
Q

Inhibitor

A

a substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site

208
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

a form of anaerobic respiration (occurring when no oxygen is present) that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid

209
Q

Light-dependent stage

A

the first stage of photosynthesis; it requires light energy, which is absorbed by chlorophyll; water molecules split to produce oxygen and hydrogen ions, and ATP

210
Q

Light-independent stage

A

the second stage of photosynthesis; through a series of reactions, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce a carbohydrate

It contains enzymes that work with ATP and NADPH to “fix” carbon from carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used to build glucose

within stroma

211
Q

Limiting factor

A

a factor that restricts the rate of a reaction, regardless of the level of other factors

212
Q

Lock-and-key model

A

a model suggesting that the shape of a substrate molecule is an exact fit to the shape of an enzyme’s active site

enzymes, active side is fixed shape and due to random collisions the substrate can collide an attached to the enzyme this forms an enzyme substrate complex
Then the charged groups within the active sides are though to distort and substrate, and therefore lower the activation energy, the products are released, and the enzymes active side is empty

213
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism; can be divided into two types, catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions

214
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the process when a bond forms between an available phosphate group and ADP, producing ATP

215
Q

Photosynthesis

A

a biochemical process that uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds; light-dependent and light-independent reactions occur at different sites in the chloroplast and make up separate parts of the overall process that can be represented as a balanced chemical equation

216
Q

Product

A

the substance at the end of a reaction

217
Q

Psychrophile

A

an organism that lives in extremely cold conditions

218
Q

Pyruvate

A

a three-carbon compound that is the end product of glycolysis

219
Q

Substrate

A

a reactant on which an enzyme acts

220
Q

Thermophile

A

an organism that lives in high-temperature environments

221
Q

Algal bloom

A

a rapid increase in the population of algae or other micro-organisms (such as cyanobacteria), at the surface of a water body, that blocks sunlight from entering

result of excess nutrients from fertilizer, wastewater and stormwater runoff, coinciding with lots of sunlight, warm temperatures and shallow, slow-flowing water.

222
Q

Anoxic

A

completely devoid of oxygen

223
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

the insulating effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which prevent some of the solar radiation from escaping Earth’s atmosphere; the gases trap and absorb some of the heat originating from the Sun, which keeps Earth warm

224
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

the gases that trap heat from the Sun and keep Earth’s surface warm; they include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water and methane, and industrial chemicals such as perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride

225
Q

Non-renewable

A

describes a resource with a long replacement time (usually longer than a human lifetime), which we use faster than it can be replaced; the rate of use/death is higher than the replenishing /reproductive rate; once it is used, it will take thousands or millions of years to replenish

226
Q

Birth rate

A

the number of births in a population over a given time

227
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

the theory that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche for an extended period of time

228
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the potential role an organism could fulfil if there were no competitors, predators or parasites

229
Q

Nodule

A

a local enlargement on the root of a plant that contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria

230
Q

Photosynthetic efficiency

A

the percentage of light energy that is converted into chemical energy (i.e. carbohydrates) by a producer

231
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

a representation that shows the relationship between the total amount of (dry) organic matter at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem

232
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

a representation that shows the rate at which energy is transferred from one trophic level to another in a given area of an ecosystem

233
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

a representation that shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem

234
Q

Realised niche

A

the actual ecological niche a species inhabits

235
Q

Resource partitioning

A

the divided use of resources that allows a number of species to coexist in an ecosystem

236
Q

Weathering

A

the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals into smaller particles due to rain, ice, acid or salt

237
Q

Association

A

a relationship or interaction between two or more species

238
Q

Coevolve

A

simultaneously evolve adaptive features in two different species that place selective pressures on each other

239
Q

How is ADP formed

A

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is formed from ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) through the process of hydrolysis, where one of the phosphate groups is removed12. When ATP loses a phosphate group, it becomes ADP, releasing energy12. ADP can then be phosphorylated again to become ATP1. This cycling between ADP and ATP provides cells with the energy needed for cellular activities

240
Q

cell requirements

A

energy (light/chemical) in complex molecules and matter, including gases, simple nutrients, ions and removal of wastes to survive
ions (to keep concentration gradients), oxygen and various nutrients (such as glucose).

241
Q

light energy

A

used to make organic compouns which are then used for energy in photosynthetic organisms. all others must obtain organic compounds from other sources

242
Q

composition of organisms

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

243
Q

the cell theory

A
  1. cells are the fundamental units of life
  2. organisms are compromised of cells and cell products
  3. all cells originate from pre-existing cells(division of pre-existing cells. This concept, known as cell division or cell reproduction)
244
Q

carbohydtare

A
245
Q

synthesis process
protein

A

Amino Acids: There are 20 different amino acids, each with a unique side chain. They are the monomers of proteins.
Peptide Bond Formation: During protein synthesis, amino acids are linked by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis. This occurs in ribosomes during translation, where messenger RNA (mRNA) dictates the sequence of amino acids.
Folding and Modification: Once synthesized, polypeptides fold into specific three-dimensional shapes, driven by interactions between amino acid side chains. Post-translational modifications can also occur, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation, which can alter protein function.
Biological Importance:

Functionality: Proteins serve as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components (e.g., collagen in connective tissues).
Catalysis: Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, increasing reaction rates and enabling metabolic processes.

246
Q

technology advances in classification

A
247
Q

why species can’t share same niche

A

they compete for exactly the same resources, so one will drive the other to extinction

248
Q
A
249
Q

green algae

A

a hanged cell wall from ancestors

250
Q

green algae

A

a hanged cell wall from ancestors

251
Q

energy & matter in crlls

A

cells are live in components of organisms that have in and out parts of energy and matter
All cells need energy to perform chemical reactions (like atp)

252
Q

large organic molecules store..

A

Chemical potential energy

253
Q

importance of knowing structure of biomolecules

A

understanding functions and how it interacts with other molecules
disease understanding
evolutionary studies

254
Q

dna in bacteria

A

Single circular chromosome lies in direct contact with cytoplasm and carries instructions for making different protein types, which are synthesized in the ribosome

255
Q

exocytsos

A

Exocytosis is the process by which cells transport large molecules out of the cell using vesicles. Here’s how it works, starting from the large vacuole:

  1. Vesicle Formation: Inside the cell, materials that need to be exported are packaged into a vesicle. In plant cells, this often involves a large vacuole that contains the substances.
  2. Vesicle Transport: The vesicle moves toward the cell membrane. This movement is facilitated by the cytoskeleton, which acts like a railway system within the cell.
  3. Vesicle Fusion: Once the vesicle reaches the cell membrane, it fuses with the membrane. This is mediated by specific proteins that help the vesicle and membrane to merge.
  4. Release of Contents: After fusion, the contents of the vesicle are released outside the cell. The membrane of the vesicle becomes part of the cell membrane, allowing the materials to exit.
  5. Membrane Recycling: The cell membrane may then recover and reform, ready for more vesicle fusion in future exocytosis events.

This process is essential for various cellular functions, including the secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other important molecules.

256
Q

where are enzymes found

A

Enzymes are found in various locations within a cell and in different organisms. Here are some key places where enzymes can be found:

  1. Cytoplasm: Many enzymes that facilitate metabolic reactions are located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  2. Organelles: Specific enzymes are found in organelles, such as:
    • Mitochondria: Enzymes involved in cellular respiration.
    • Chloroplasts: Enzymes that play a role in photosynthesis.
    • Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes that break down waste materials.
  3. Cell Membrane: Some enzymes are embedded in the cell membrane and are involved in processes like signal transduction.
  4. Extracellular Space: Enzymes can also be secreted outside the cell, where they perform functions such as digestion or breaking down extracellular matrix components.

Overall, enzymes are essential for facilitating biochemical reactions throughout various parts of living organisms.

Biology yr 11 (7 decks)

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