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chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abomasum

A

the true stomach of ruminant or cud-chewing mammals, which have a four-chambered stomach

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2
Q

Absorption

A

the main role of the digestive system; the taking up of digested molecules

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3
Q

Alimentary canal

A

the specialised pathway food takes in complex animals; it includes the passage from mouth to anus, with all the organs food passes through
specialisation of alimentary canals is related to diet,

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4
Q

Alveoli

A

(singular alveolus) the tiny air sacs located on the end of the bronchioles

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5
Q

Amylase

A

an enzyme that digests starch; present in saliva and secreted from salivary glands near the base of the tongue

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6
Q

Aorta

A

the largest artery; it carries blood that is leaving the heart to flow to all parts of the body (i.e. the systemic circulation)

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7
Q

Aortic valve

A

the valve between the left ventricle and aorta

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8
Q

Arteriole

A

a small artery

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9
Q

Artery

A

a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart

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10
Q

Atrium

A

(plural atria) a thin-walled chamber of the heart into which blood from the body arrives

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11
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

the valve between the atrium and ventricle

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12
Q

Bile

A

a substance produced by the liver that moves into the duodenum; it has a detergent-like action that helps in mechanical digestion of fats

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13
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

The Bowman’s capsule is a cup-shaped structure in the kidneys that surrounds the glomerulus, a network of tiny blood vessels. It is part of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. The primary role of the Bowman’s capsule is to filter blood. Blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure, forcing water, ions, glucose, and small molecules (but not large molecules like proteins or blood cells) into the Bowman’s capsule. This filtrate then passes through the nephron for further processing into urine.

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14
Q

Bronchi

A

(singular bronchus) the branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs

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15
Q

Bronchiole

A

a smaller tube of the bronchus

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16
Q

Capillary

A

a very small blood vessel, found between arteries and veins

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17
Q

Carbonic acid

A

the substance to which most of the carbon dioxide produced in respiration is converted in the plasma

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18
Q

Carnivore

A

an animal whose diet consists of animal flesh

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19
Q

Chyme

A

the ‘soupy’ contents of the stomach (partially digested food)

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19
Q

Chemical digestion

A

a process whereby complex substances are broken down into their simplest forms via enzyme action

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20
Q

Circulatory system

A

the heart, blood and blood vessels that ensure nutrients and wastes are carried around the body as needed

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21
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

a type of circulatory system in which blood is circulated inside vessels; more efficient than an open circulatory system

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22
Q

Dentition

A

the type of teeth of an animal, which is specialised and reflects the animal’s diet

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23
Q

Diaphragm

A

the muscular organ that, along with the muscles between the ribs, moves air into and out of the lungs

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24
Q

Digestion

A

the breaking down of complex organic molecules mechanically and chemically
animals break down nutrients acquired in the form of large, complex macromolecules into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream (by moving them across the cell membrane and into the internal environment)

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25
Q

Distal tubule

A

the portion of the nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

. Even though it is short, it plays a key role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis.

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26
Q

Digestive system

A

the series of organs where digestion takes place; also known as the gastrointestinal tract

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27
Q

Double circulatory system

A

a circulatory system that has two circuits: the pulmonary circuit, which transports blood to the lungs and then back to the heart, and the systemic circuit, which pumps blood around the body and back to the heart

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28
Q

Egestion

A

the removal of waste food materials from the body

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29
Q

Endothermic

A

describes animals that are able to maintain relatively constant body temperature using heat by metabolism

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30
Q

Epiglottis

A

a small flap of tissue that closes off the trachea, ensuring food travels down the oesophagus to the stomach, and not into the lungs

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31
Q

Erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell that is non-nucleated when mature; contains haemoglobin pigment that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

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32
Q

Faeces

A

the waste material eliminated from the body through the anus

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33
Q

Filament

A

a component of gills; each contains numerous gill plates to greatly increase the surface area of the gill

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34
Q

Filtrate

A

the fluid filtered from blood that passes through the nephron

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35
Q

Filtration

A

a separation technique used by kidneys to remove metabolic wastes from the blood and form urine

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36
Q

Gall bladder

A

the organ that stores bile if there is no food to digest in the small intestine

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37
Q

Gas exchange

A

(in animals) the diffusion of oxygen from the external to the internal environment and carbon dioxide from the internal to the external environment

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38
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

a central cavity with a single opening that functions to transport substances and in digestion; occurs in simple animals

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38
Q

Gastric juice

A

a substance produced when food is in the stomach; contains mucus, water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin and protease enzymes

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39
Q

Gill

A

the respiratory organ of fish, and some amphibians, in which oxygen is extracted from water flowing over internal surfaces

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40
Q

Glomerulus

A

a network of capillaries located in the Bowman’s capsule of the kidney, where the first step in filtering the blood through the nephron occurs

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41
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the respiratory pigment of most vertebrates and some invertebrates; contains iron

Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. It plays a crucial role in the body’s ability to function by ensuring oxygen is delivered to tissues and organs that need it.

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42
Q

Haemolymph

A

the fluid in open circulatory systems

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43
Q

Herbivore

A

an animal whose diet consists of plant or plant products

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44
Q

Ingestion

A

the taking in of nutrients

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44
Q

Internal environment

A

(of a cell) all material contained within the cell membrane

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45
Q

Kidney

A

an organ that excretes the urea dissolved in the blood out of the body via the bladder

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45
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

the fluid between the cells of a multicellular organism

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46
Q

Larynx

A

the voice box

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47
Q

Large intestine

A

the final length of the gut, consisting of the colon and the rectum; functions to compact undigested food material, and absorb water and some salts back into the body

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48
Q

Leukocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that forms in both lymph glands and bone marrow, and defends the human body against infectious diseases and foreign particles; the number circulating increases when injury or infection occurs

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48
Q

Loop of Henle

A

the portion of a nephron that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule

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49
Q

Lymph vessel

A

Gases and small molecules entering the internalenvironment are not the only substances to pass through capillary walls. Blood pressure forces some fluid and some small protein molecules out of the capillaries at the arterial end. Most of the water from this fluid passes back into the capillaries at the venous end, where the blood pressure is lower, by osmosis.However, some water and proteins would be left in the spaces between the cells if it were not for the lymph vessels. Lymphatic capillaries are small, blind-ending tubes that allow the fluid and protein to enter through tiny flaps between the cells in their walls that act as one-way valves. The fluid flows in the lymph vessels towards the heart to re-join the blood circulation. It is pushed along in much the same way as blood in the veins is moved, by contracting muscles. Valves in the lymph vessel walls maintain a unidirectional flow to the heart.

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50
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

the process whereby large pieces of food are broken down through chewing or muscular movement in the stomach
The aim of this is to increase the surface area of the food so it can be acted on more effectively by enzymes in chemical digestion.

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51
Q

Nephron

A

the structure of the kidney where filtration of the blood occurs

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52
Q

Oesophagus

A

a vessel that transports food from mouth to stomach

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53
Q

Omnivorous

A

describes a diet consisting of both animal and plant foods

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54
Q

Open circulatory system

A

a circulatory system in which transport liquid washes freely over the internal organs; less efficient than a closed circulatory system

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55
Q

Operculum

A

a protective covering over the gills in bony fish

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56
Q

Opercular cavity

A

the cavity in which the gills of bony fish are located

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57
Q
A
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57
Q
A
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57
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

the secretions released by the pancreas into the small intestine via the duodenum; contains amylase, trypsin and lipase

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58
Q

Peristalsis

A

the unidirectional muscular contractions that enable food to move down the oesophagus

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59
Q

Plasma

A

the pale-yellow liquid component of the blood that holds blood cells, proteins and nutrients in suspension

60
Q

Platelet

A

a small cell fragment involved in the clotting property of the blood

61
Q

Proximal tubule

A

the section of the tubule in the nephron that leads from the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle

62
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

the system of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs

63
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

64
Q

Reabsorption

A

the movement of molecules, ions and water needed by the body, from the filtrate, through the nephron and capillary walls, back into the blood

65
Q

Renal artery

A

the branch of the aorta that brings blood (containing nitrogenous waste and water, blood proteins, red blood cells and minerals dissolved in the blood plasma) to the kidneys

66
Q

Renal pelvis

A

the section of the kidney where urine is collected and directed to the ureter

67
Q

Stomach

A

a muscular part of the gut that holds food and releases protein-digesting enzymes and hydrochloric acid

67
Q

Secretion (

A

general) the release of certain substances from cells to their external environment; also, the substances secreted; (in excretion) the transfer of substances into the collecting duct of the nephron, adding to a collection of substances that form urine

68
Q

Single circulatory system

A

a circulatory system that has only one circuit, such as is found in fish; the heart pumps blood to the respiratory surface to be oxygenated and it then flows to the rest of the body under low pressure

68
Q

Rumen

A

the largest chamber of the four-chambered stomach of ruminant or cud-chewing mammals

69
Q

Sphincter

A

a small, muscular opening that surrounds tube-like organs and controls the passage of material from or to an organ by contracting and relaxing

70
Q

Systemic circulation

A

the system of blood vessels that circulate blood to most of the body

71
Q

Tongue

A

an organ that helps to move the food around the mouth and increases food contact with the teeth

72
Q

Trachea

A

an organ that carries gases to the lungs via the bronchi and bronchioles; it is strengthened with rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing

73
Q

Tracheal system

A

in insects, a system of tubes made of chitin that allows oxygen to pass in by diffusion; the mechanism for gas exchange in insects

74
Q

Urea

A

a water-soluble nitrogenous waste product excreted by terrestrial mammals, including humans; formed by the breakdown of amino acids in the liver

75
Q

Urine

A

the liquid excreted by animals that contains waste products filtered by the kidneys and stored in the bladder

76
Q

Valve

A

a flap that ensures blood moves in one direction only through the heart and veins

77
Q

Vein

A

a blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

78
Q

Vena cava

A

the vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from most of the body to the right atrium

79
Q

Ventricle

A

a muscular chamber of the heart which pumps blood away from the heart

80
Q

Venule

A

a small vein

81
Q

Villi

A

the projections from the surface of the small intestine that increase its surface area and thus increase absorption

82
Q

adipose

A

describes a type of connective tissue (e.g. cells containing fat droplets)

83
Q

atom

A

the smallest fundamental particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons and electrons

84
Q

blood

A

a type of connective tissue (e.g. red blood cells)

85
Q

bone

A

a type of connective tissue that provides support (e.g. skeleton)

86
Q

cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue that holds parts of the body together (e.g. at the end of a bone)

87
Q

cell

A

the basic structural unit of all life forms on Earth

88
Q

cell membrane

A

the selectively permeable boundary of all living cells that maintains the contents of the cell and regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell

89
Q

connective tissue

A

a basic tissue type in complex animals which provides support, strength and elasticity; it holds certain body parts together and includes bone, cartilage, tendons, blood and ligaments

89
Q

cuticle

A

the non-cellular protective layer on the surface of a plant

90
Q

cellular differentiation

A

the process by which an unspecialised cell develops into a specialised cell

91
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid part of the cytoplasm, containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances; excludes the organelles

92
Q

differentiation

A

the process by which cells become specialised in structure and function; occurs mostly during embryonic development in multicellular organisms

93
Q

epidermis

A

the surface layer of plant or animal cells, generally responsible for separating and protecting the organism from its environment

94
Q

epithelial tissue

A

a basic tissue type in complex animals whichcovers many surfaces, including the surface of the body and linings of body cavities such as airways,and acts as a protective layer and a barrier against infectious agents and water loss

95
Q

eukaryote

A

a complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of Domain Eukarya

96
Q

meristem

A

a localised area of plant tissue in which cells actively divide to form new tissues; includes the growing tips of roots and stems

97
Q

mitosis

A

a type of nuclear division that maintains the same number of chromosomes in daughter cells; it is the basis of bodily growth and asexual reproduction in many eukaryotic species

97
Q

nervous tissue

A

a basic tissue type in complex animals which provides the means of communication between all body structures and includes neurons that transmit nerve impulses

98
Q

molecule

A

the smallest particle of a chemical compound

99
Q

multicellular

A

describes an organism consisting of more than one cell

100
Q

muscle tissue

A

a basic tissue type in animals;made of thin and very long thread-like cells called muscle fibres which use ATP energy to perform movements; the fibres are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses

101
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell

102
Q

organ

A

a collection of different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function

103
Q

organelle

A

a specialised structure or compartment within a cell that has a specific function

104
Q

specilaisation

A

(of cells) the possession of specific features that relate to a specific role or function

104
Q

prokaryote

A

a simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of Domains Archaea or Bacteria

104
Q

root hair

A

a tube-like outgrowth of a root epidermal cell that increases the surface area of the root; responsible for absorbing water and nutrients

105
Q

specialised cell

A

a cell that has specific features that enable it to perform its specific function

106
Q

stem cell

A

an unspecialised, immature cell capable of giving rise to different kinds of specialised, differentiated cells

107
Q

system

A

a collection of organs that work together to perform a particular function

108
Q

tissue

A

a group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

109
Q

unicellular

A

describes an organism made up of a single cell

110
Q

vascular

A

describes vessels that conduct fluid

111
Q

vascular plants

A

(in plants) the plant tissue devoted to the bulk transport of water, nutrients, sugars and other substances, comprising the xylem and phloem

112
Q

absorption

A

the movement of water and dissolved substances into a cell, organ or organism

113
Q

active transport

A

the process whereby cells actively transport substances across a membrane from a low concentration to higher concentration of the substance; characterised by the fact that the process consumes energy

114
Q

adaptation

A

any change in the characteristics of an organism that makes it better able to survive in its environment

115
Q

cohesion

A

the strong forces that exist between water molecules

115
Q

adhesion

A

the strong forces that exist between water molecules and other substances, due to the polar nature of the water molecules

116
Q

arid

A

describes a climate that has little or no rain

117
Q

capillary action

A

the combined forces of adhesion and cohesion which act to move water along a thin column

118
Q

companion cell

A

a type of cell found in phloem next to the sieve tube cells; provides most of the cell functions of the sieve tube cells, which lack most organelles

119
Q

epidermis

A

the surface layer of cells of a plant or animal; generally responsible for separating and protecting the organism from its environment

119
Q

guard cell

A

pairs of cells surrounding and controlling the action of stomata

120
Q

flaccid

A

describes a cell when it has shrunk due to loss of water

120
Q

humidity

A

the concentration of water vapour in the air

121
Q

humus rich soil

A

thecomplex organic material resulting from the decomposition of plant and animal debris (detritus)

121
Q

lignin

A

a complex compound found in xylem cells; provides strength and structure to the cell wall and plant

121
Q

mesophyll cell

A

a type of cell found in the middle of leaves, packed with chloroplasts and essential for photosynthesis

122
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

bacteria found in the roots of certain plants that are able to capture atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to usable compounds

123
Q

osmosis

A

the passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from regions of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

123
Q

non vascular

A

describes plants that do not have roots but do have simple leaves; they lack vascular tissue

123
Q

nutrient

A

a substance required by living organisms, generally including dissolved salts and vitamins in the case of animals, rather than substances taken up to provide energy

124
Q

palisade cell

A

an elongated cell packed with chloroplasts

125
Q

phloem

A

a plant tissue that transports sugars, in the form of sucrose, and other photosynthesis products from one part of a plant (usually where they are made, the leaves, or where they are stored, the roots) to where they are needed; transport can therefore be in two directions; consists of conductive tissue composed of thin-walled cells

126
Q

root hair

A

a tube-like outgrowth of a root epidermal cell that increases the surface area of the root; responsible for absorbing water and nutrients

127
Q

root pressure

A

the force that pushes water up the stem from the roots

128
Q

sieve tube cell

A

a long, tubular plant cell without a nucleus that is found in phloem and joins with others to form sieve tubes, through which sugar and other solutes travel

129
Q

sink

A

a plant organ that uses sugar for active growth or stores sugar, such as growing roots, stems and fruits

130
Q

source

A

a plant organ that produces (by photosynthesis) or releases sugar for translocation; leaves are the primary sugar source

131
Q

stomata

A

(singular stoma) the openings in leaves, and some stems, that control the movement of gases into and out of the plant

132
Q

tissue

A

a group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

133
Q

translocation

A

the active, multidirectional movement of organic nutrients (sugars) in solution, from source to sink, through the phloem of vascular plants

134
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour by evaporation from the surface of a plant, especially via stomata on the underside of leaves

135
Q

Transpiration pull

A

the force arising from the evaporation of water from leaves which pulls water up through the xylem

136
Q

Transpiration stream

A

a continuous column of water in the xylem that runs the length of the stem of a plant

137
Q

turgid

A

describes a cell that is full of water and has a swollen appearance, such as a guard cell next to an open stoma

138
Q

turgor

A

the state of a plant cell that is full of water

139
Q

vascular bundle

A

a combined bundle of xylem and phloem tissues in a plant

140
Q

vascular plants

A

plants that have vascular tissue, the tissue that transports water, nutrients, sugars and other substances around the plant body

141
Q

vascular tissue

A

(in plants) the tissue devoted to the bulk transport of water, nutrients, sugars and other substances; comprises the xylem and the phloem

142
Q

xylem

A

the plant tissue responsible for the transport of water, along with mineral nutrients, from the roots to the leaves; made of elongated, tubular dead cells

143
Q

specialization

A

(of cells) refers to the possession of specific features that relate to a specific role or function

144
Q
A

Biology yr 11 (7 decks)

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