Definitions

Question 1

What is an AGONIST?

Answer 1

Drug that activates a receptor by binding to that receptor

Question 2

What is an ANTAGONIST?

Answer 2

Drug that binds to a receptor without activating that receptor

Question 3

Define a COMPETITIVE antagonism

Answer 3

Present when increasing concentrations of the antagonist progressively inhibits the response to the agonist

Question 4

What is NON-COMPETITIVE ANTAGONISM?

Answer 4

Present when after administration of an antagonist, even high concentrations of agonist cannot completely over the antagonism. The agonist can’t out-compete the antagonist.

Question 5

Define Partial Agonist

Answer 5

A drug that bings to a receptor but does not cause a full drug effect

Question 6

What is an Inverse Agonist?

Answer 6

Is an agonist that competes for the same site as the agonist but has the opposite effect. Also favors the inactive form.

Question 7

What is a vessel-rich group? What areas of the body are considered to be vessel-rich?

Answer 7

Tissues that receive higher arterial blood flow.
Includes the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, & brain.

Question 8

Define zero-order processes.

Answer 8

Dose-dependent
Metabolism of ETOH
The rate of change is constant (The rate of elimination is constant).
Drug concentration decreases, as clearance increases, and the rate of elimination is constant

Question 9

Define 1st order elimination

Answer 9

Rate proportional to the amount
Concentration decreases as rate of elimination decreases and clearance is constant

Question 10

What is elimination half time? How does this differ from elimination half life?

Answer 10

Elimination half time is time for plasma concentration to fall to 50%
Elimination half-life is time for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug

Question 11

What is context-sensitive half-time? Can you use context-sensitive half-time for bolus doses?

Answer 11

Is the time for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50% from an infusion that maintains a constant concentration
No; it is only for infusions

Question 12

Define clearance

Answer 12

The ratio of elimination of a drug to the concentration of the drug in the plasm or blood. Units are volume/time

Question 13

What is sterochemisty?

Answer 13

The study of how molecules are structured in three dimensions

Question 14

What is chirality?

Answer 14

A molecule with a center of a 3 dimensional asymmetry

Question 15

What is enantiomerism?

Answer 15

A pair of molecules that are mirror images; can’t be superimposed. Optical isomers

Question 16

What does Dextrorotatory mean?

Answer 16

Right

Question 17

What does Rectus mean?

Answer 17

Right

Question 18

What does Levorotatory mean?

Answer 18

Left

Question 19

What does Sinister mean?

Answer 19

Left

Question 20

What is a racemic mixture?

Answer 20

Enantiomers are present in equal proportions. S/R or R/L. 1/3 of drugs are racemic mixtures

Question 21

Define the 3 types of pain

Answer 21

Neuropathic pain: triggered by lesions to the somatic sensory nervous system - got from Google

Somatic pain: pain related to muscle skeleton

Visceral pain: pain related to activation of nociceptors in the thorax, abdomen, & pelvis - think organ pain

Question 22

What is synergistic in relation to drugs?

Answer 22

Combination of 2 drugs with greater than summative effects

Question 23

Define efficacy & potency.

Answer 23

Efficacy: ability to produce intended results.

Potency: the relationship of the dose to the effect

Question 24

What is median effective dose?

Answer 24

ED50. Dose to produce effects in 50% of patients

Question 25

Define median lethal does

Answer 25

LD50. Dose to produce lethal/toxic effects in 50% of patients

Question 26

What is the therapeutic index? Is a drug safe if it has a narrow therapeutic index?

Answer 26

LD50/ED50.
Determines drug safety & guide for dosing
No, the narrower the therapeutic index the unsafer the drug is

Question 27

What is the difference between acute & chronic pain?

Answer 27

Acute pain is less than 3 months. Chronic pain is lasting longer than 3 months