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HazMat > Definition > Flashcards

Definition Flashcards

1
Q

Response option

A

Specific operations performed in a specific order to accomplish the goals of the responses objective

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2
Q

Response objective

A

Statement based on realistic expectations of what can be accomplished when all allocated resources have been effectively deployed that provide guidance and direction for selecting appropriate strategies and the tactical direction of resources

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3
Q

Hazardous materials technician

A

Individual trained to used specialized protective clothing and control equipment to control the release of a hazardous material

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4
Q

Hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER)

A

U.S. regulations in Title 29 (labor) CFR 1910.120 for cleanup operations involving hazardous substances and emergency response operations for releases of hazardous substances

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5
Q

Overpack

A
  1. To enclose or secure a container by placing it in a larger container
  2. An outer container designed to enclose or secure an inner container
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6
Q

Solid

A

Substance that has a definite shape and size; the molecules of a solid generally have very little mobility

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7
Q

Liquid

A

Incompressible substance with a constant volume that assumes the shape of its container; molecules flow freely, but substantial cohesion prevents them from expanding as a gas would

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8
Q

Gas

A

Compressible substance, with no specific volume, that tends to assume the shape of a container. Molecules move about most rapidly in this state

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9
Q

Vapor

A

Gaseous state of a material that may normally be a solid or a liquid

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10
Q

Aerosol

A

Microscopic particles that may be a solid or a liquid

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11
Q

Dust

A

Airborne solid particles 0.1-50 microns in diameter. Particles less than 50 microns cannot be seen without a microscope

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12
Q

Mist

A

Aerosol of liquid particles suspended in air

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13
Q

Fog

A

Visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation

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14
Q

Expansion ratio

A
  1. Volume of a substance in liquid form compared to the volume of the same number of molecules of that substance in gaseous form
  2. Ratio of the finished foam volume to the volume of the original foam solution
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15
Q

International system of units (SI)

A

Modern form of the metric system of measurement that standardizes mathematical quantification

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16
Q

Pascals (Pa)

A

SI unit of measure used to indicate internal pressure and stress on a container

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17
Q

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

A

Unit of pressure measurement; not part of the SI currently defined as a rate rounded to 133 pascals. Rough equivalent to 1 torr

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18
Q

Bar

A

Unit of pressure measurement; not part of the SI. Equals 100,000 Pa

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19
Q

Torr

A

Unit of pressure measurement; not part of the SI. Measured as 1/760 of a standard atmosphere

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20
Q

Liquified gas

A

Confined gas that at normal temperatures exists in both liquid and gaseous states

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21
Q

Anhydrous

A

Materials containing no water

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22
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Material that is incapable of mixing with water

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23
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Material that is attracted to water. This material may also dissolve or mix in water

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24
Q

Density

A

Mass per unit of volume of a substance; obtained by dividing the mass by the volume

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25
Q

Specific gravity

A

Mass (weight) of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature. A specific gravity less than one indicates a substance lighter than water; a specific gravity greater than one indicates a substance heavier than water

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26
Q

Vapor density

A

Weight of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. A vapor density less than one indicates a vapor lighter than air; a vapor density greater than one indicates a vapor heavier than air

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27
Q

Molecular weight (MW)

A

Average mass of one molecule. This can be calculated as the sum of the atomic masses of the component atoms

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28
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of a liquid’s internal friction at a given temperature. This concept is informally expensed as thickness, stickiness, and ability to flow

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29
Q

Safely data sheet (SDS)

A

Reference material that provides information on chemicals that are used, produced, or stored at facility. Form is provided by chemical manufacturers and blenders; contains information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response procedures, and waste disposal procedures

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30
Q

Celsius scale

A

International temperature scale on which the freezing point is 0C (32F) and the boiling point is 100C (212F) at normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

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31
Q

Fahrenheit scale

A

Temperature scale on such the freezing point is 32F (0C) and the boiling point at sea level is 212F (100C) at normal atmospheric pressure

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32
Q

Flash point

A

Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid

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33
Q

Flammable liquid

A

Any liquid having a flash point below 100F (7.8C) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute (276 kPa, 2.76 bar), per NFPA

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34
Q

Combustible liquid

A

Liquid having a flash point at or above 100F (37.8C) and below 200F (93.3C), per NFPA

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35
Q

Flammability

A

Fuel’s susceptibility to ignition

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36
Q

Flammable range

A

Range between the upper flammable limit and lower flammable limit in which a substance can be ignited

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37
Q

Lower flammable (explosive) limit (LFL)

A

Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite and support combustion; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean or thin to burn (too much oxygen and not enough gas, so lacks the proper quantity of fuel)

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38
Q

Upper flammable (explosive) limit (UFL)

A

Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite; above this limit the gas or vapor is too rich to burn (lack the proper quantity of oxygen)

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39
Q

Oxidizer

A

Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustible materials

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40
Q

Phase

A

Distinguishable part in a course, development, or cycle; aspect or part under consideration. In chemistry, a change off phase is marked by a shift in the physical state of a substance caused by a change in heat

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41
Q

Melting point

A

Temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure

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42
Q

Freezing point

A

Temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric pressure

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43
Q

Boiling point

A

Temperature of a substance when the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation. At this point, more liquid is turning into gas than gas is turning back into a liquid

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44
Q

Evaporation

A

Process of a solid or liquid turning into gas

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45
Q

Evaporation rate

A

Speed at which some material changes from a liquid to a vapor. Materials that change readily to gases are considered volatile

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46
Q

Volatility

A

Ability of a substance to vaporize easily at a relatively low temperature

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47
Q

Condensation

A

Process of a gas turning into a liquid state

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48
Q

Sublimation

A

Vaporization of a material from the solid to vapor state without passing through the liquid state

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49
Q

Critical point

A

The end point of an equilibrium curve. In liquid and vapor response, the conditions under which liquid and its vapor can coexist

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50
Q

Critical temperature

A

The minimum temperature above which a gas cannot Ben liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied

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51
Q

Critical pressure

A

The pressure necessary to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature

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52
Q

Auto ignition temperature

A

The lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite in air when there is no ignition source

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53
Q

Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)

A

The temperature above which the decomposition of an unstable substance continues unimpeded, regardless of the ambient or external temperature

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54
Q

Maximum safe storage temperature (MSST)

A

The maximum safe temperature at which a product can be stored. This temperature is well below the SADT

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55
Q

Polymerization

A

A special chemical reaction in which small-molecules compounds call monomers react with themselves to form larger molecules call polymers

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56
Q

Atom

A

The smallest complete building block of ordinary matter in any state

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57
Q

Nucleus

A

The positively charged central part of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons

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58
Q

Proton

A

Subatomic particle with a physical mass and a positive electric charge

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59
Q

Neutron

A

Component of the nucleus of an atom that has a neutral electrical charge yet produces highly penetrating radiation; ultra high energy particle that has a physical mass but no electrical charge

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60
Q

Electron

A

Subatomic particle with a physical mass and a negative electric charge

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61
Q

Shell

A

Layer of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom. The innermost shell can hold up to two electrons, and each subsequent shell can hold eight

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62
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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63
Q

Atomic weight

A

Physical characteristic relating to the mass of molecules and atoms. A relative scale for atomic weights has been adopted, in which the atomic weight of carbon has been set at 12, although its true atomic weight is 12.01115

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64
Q

Compound

A

Substance consisting of two or more elements that have been united chemically

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65
Q

Reactive material

A

Substance capable of chemically reacting with other substances; for example, material that reacts violently when combined with air or water

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66
Q

Mixture

A

Substance containing two or more materials not chemically united

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67
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture composed of two or more substances

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68
Q

Slurry

A

Suspension formed by a quantity of granulated or powdered solid material that is not completely soluble mixed into a liquid

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69
Q

Alloy

A

Substance or mixture composed of 2 or more metals (or a metal & nonmetallic elements) fused together & dissolved into each other to enhance the properties or usefulness of the base metal

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70
Q

Periodic table of elements

A

Organizational chart showing chemical elements arranged in order by atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties

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71
Q

Atomic stability

A

Condition where an atom has a filled outer shell and is not seeking electrons. Stable atoms also have the same number of protons and electrons

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72
Q

Duet rule

A

Atoms with only one shell will attempt to maintain two electrons to fill the outer shell at all times, whether by gaining or losing electrons. A complete outer electron shell makes elements very stable

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73
Q

octet rule

A

Atoms with two or more shells will attempt to maintain eight electrons to fill the outermost shell at all times, whether by gaining or losing electrons. A complete outer electron shell makes elements very stable

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74
Q

Unstable material

A

Materials that are capable of undergoing chemical changes or that can violently decompose with little or no outside stimulus

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75
Q

Diatomic molecules

A

Molecules composed of only two atoms that may or may not be the same element

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76
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond formed between two or more non metals. This chemical bond results in a nonsalt

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77
Q

Ionic bond

A

Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal element to a nonmetal element. This chemical bond results in two oppositely charged ions

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78
Q

Ion

A

Atom that has lost or gained an electron, thus giving it a positive or negative charge

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79
Q

Cation

A

Atom or group of atoms carrying a positive charge

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80
Q

Anion

A

Atom or group of atoms carrying a negative charge

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81
Q

Resonant bond

A

Type of chemical bond in which electrons move freely between the compound atoms

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82
Q

Bond energy

A

The amount of energy needed to break covalent bonds

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83
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes that materials and produces heat

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84
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs heat energy

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85
Q

Hypergolic

A

Substance that ignites when exposed to another substance

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86
Q

Air-reactive material

A

Substance that reacts or ignites when exposed to air at normal temperatures.

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87
Q

Water-reactive material

A

Substance, generally a flammable solid, that reacts when mixed with water or exposed to humid air

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88
Q

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A

Chemical reaction that results in a molecule, ion, or atom gaining or losing an electron

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89
Q

Reducing agent

A

Due that his being oxidized or burned during combustion

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90
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Substance that oxidizes another substance; can cause other materials to combust more readily or make fires burn more strongly

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91
Q

Oxidation

A

Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with an oxidizer such as oxygen in the air; a common example is the formation of rust on metal

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92
Q

Polymerization

A

Chemical reactions in which two or more molecules chemically combine to form larger molecules; this reaction can often be violent

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93
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a ploymer

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94
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that modifies (usually increases) the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed int he process

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95
Q

Inhibitor

A

Material that is added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undersized reaction

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96
Q

Decomposition

A

Chemical change in which a substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Result of oxygen acting on a material that results in a change in the material’s composition; oxidation occurs slowly, sometimes resulting in the rusting of metals

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97
Q

Synergistic effect

A

Phenomenon in which the combined properties of substances have an effect greater than their simple arithmetic all sum of effects

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98
Q

Concentration

A
  1. Percentage (mass or volume) of a material dissolved in water (or other solvent)
  2. Quantity of a chemical material inhaled for purposes of measuring toxicity
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99
Q

Soluble

A

Capable of being dissolved in a liquid (usually water)

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100
Q

Solubility

A

Degree to which a solid, liquid, or gas dissolves in a solvent (usually water)

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101
Q

Polar solvents

A
  1. A material in which the positive and negative charges are permanently separated, resulting in their ability to ionize in solution and create electrical conductivity. Example include water, alcohol, esters, ketones, amines, and sulfuric acid
  2. Flammable liquids with an attraction for water
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102
Q

Miscible

A

Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportions

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103
Q

Miscibility

A

Two or more liquids’ capability to mix together

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104
Q

Immiscible

A

Incapable of being mixed or blended with another substance

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105
Q

Polarity

A

Property of some molecules to have discrete areas with negative and positive charges

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106
Q

Water solubility

A

Ability of a liquid or solid to mix with or dissolve in water

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107
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon and found primarily in petroleum products and coal

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108
Q

Alkane

A

A saturated hydrocarbon, with hydrogen in every possible location. All bonds are single bonds

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109
Q

Alkene

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms

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110
Q

Alkyne

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond

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111
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with bonds that form rings

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112
Q

Maximum safe storage temperature (MSST)

A

Temperature below which the product can be stored safety. This is usually 20-30 degrees cooler than the SADT temperature, but may be more depending on the material

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113
Q

Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)

A

Lowest temperature at which product in a typical package will undergo a self-accelerating decomposition. The reaction can be violent, usually rupturing the package, dispersing original material, liquid and/or gaseous decomposition products considerable distances

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114
Q

Photonioization detector (PID)

A

Gas detector that measures volatile compounds in concentrations of parts per million and parts per billion

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115
Q

Acid

A

Compound containing hydrogen that reacts with water to produce bydronium ions; a proton donor; a liquid compound with a pH less than 7. Acidic chemicals are corrosive

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116
Q

Dissociation (chemical)

A

Process of splitting a molecule or ionic compounds into smaller particles, especially if the process is reversible

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117
Q

Base

A

Any alkaline or caustic substance; corrosive water-soluble compound or substance containing group-forming hydroxide ions in water solution that reacts with an acid to form a salt

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118
Q

Chemical burn

A

Injury caused by contact with acids, lye, and vesicants such as tear gas, mustard gas, and phosphorus

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119
Q

Thermal burn

A
  1. Injury caused by contact with flames, hot objects, and hot fluids; examples. Include scales and steam burns
  2. Any injury to living tissue from contact with extreme hot or cold materials
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120
Q

Radioactive material (RAM)

A

Material with an atomic nucleus that spontaneously decays or disintegrates, emitting radiation as particles or electromagnetic waves at a rate of greater than 0.002 microcuries per gram Ci/g)

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121
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Radiation that causes a chemical change in atoms by removing their electrons

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122
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. Examples include ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, radio waves, and extremely low frequency radiation

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123
Q

Ionize

A

Process in which an atom or molecule gains a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons

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124
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Process in which an unstable radioactive atom loses energy by emitting ionizing radiation and conversion electrons

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125
Q

Radioisotope

A

Unstable atom that releases nuclear energy

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126
Q

Transmutation

A

Conversion of one element or isotope into another form or state

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127
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for a radioactive material to reduce to half of its initial value

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128
Q

Activity

A

Rate of decay of the isotope in terms of decaying atoms per second. Measured in becquerels (Bq) for small quantities of radiation, and curies (Ci) for large quantities of radiation

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129
Q

Bacquerel (Bq)

A

International system unit of measurement for radioactivity, indicating the number of nuclear decays/disintegration’s a radioactive material undergoes in a certain period of time

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130
Q

Curie (Ci)

A

English system unit of measurement for radioactivity, indicating the number of nuclear decays/disintegration’s a radioactive material undergoes in a certain period of time

131
Q

CBRNE

A

Abbreviation for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive. These categories are often used to describe WMDs and other hazardous materials characteristics

132
Q

Nerve agent

A

A class of toxic chemical that works by disrupting the way nerves transfer messages to organs

133
Q

G-series agents

A

Non persistent nerve agents initially synthesized by German scientists

134
Q

Blister agents

A

Chemical warfare agent that burns and blisters the skin or any other part of the body it contacts

135
Q

Chemical asphyxiants

A

Substance that reacts to prevent the body from being able to use oxygen

136
Q

Choking agent

A

Chemical warfare agent that attacks the lungs, causing tissue damage

137
Q

Riot control agent

A

Chemical compound that temporarily makes people unable to function, by causing immediate irritation to the types, mouth, throat, lungs, and skin

138
Q

Biological agent

A

Viruses, bacteria, or their toxins which are harmful to people, animals, or crops. When used, deliberately to cause harm, may be referred to as a biological weapon

139
Q

Virus

A

Simplest type of microorganism that can only replicate itself in the living cells of its hosts. Viruses are unaffected by antibiotics

140
Q

Bacteria

A

Microscopic, single-called organisms

141
Q

Rickettsia

A

Specialized bacteria that live and multiply in the gastrointestinal tract of arthropod carriers, such as ticks and fleas

142
Q

Toxin

A

Substance that has the property of being poisonous

143
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

144
Q

Dose

A

Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin contact for purposes of measuring toxicity

145
Q

Toxicity

A

Degree to which a substance (toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. Ability of a substance to do harm within the body

146
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

Comparison of changes within an organism per amount, intensity, or duration of exposure to a stressor over time. This information is used to determine action levels for materials such as drugs, pollutants, and toxins

147
Q

Bioassay

A

Scientific experiment in which live plant or animal tissue or cells are used to determine the biological activity of a substance

148
Q

Median lethal dose, 50 percent kill (LD50)

A

Concentration of an ingested or injected substance that results in the death of 50 percent of the test population. LD50 is an oral or dermal exposure expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg); the lower the value, the more toxic the substance

149
Q

Median lethal concentration, 50% kill (LC50)

A

Concentration of an inhaled substance that results in the death of 50%5 of the test population. LC50 is an inhalattion exposure expressed in parts per million (ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/liter), or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3); the lower the value the more toxic the substance

150
Q

Organophosphate pesticides

A

Chemicals that kill insects by disrupting their central nervous systems; these chemcials deactivate acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which is essential to nerve function in insects, humans, and many other animals. Because they have the same effect on humans, they are sometimes used in terrorist attacks

151
Q

Exposure

A
  1. Contact with a hazardous material, causing biological damage, typically by swallowing, breathing, or touching (skin or eyes). Exposure may be short-term (acute exposure), or intermediate duration, or long-term (chronic exposure)
  2. People, property, systems, or natural features that are or may be exposed to the harmfuel effects of a hazardous materials emergency
152
Q

Contaminant

A

Foreign substance that compromises the purity of a given substance

153
Q

Contamination

A

Impurity resulting from mixture or contact with a foreign substance

154
Q

Radiation absorbed dose (rad)

A

English system unit used to mearue the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material; its international system equivalent is gray (Gy)

155
Q

Photon

A

Weightless packet of electromagnetic engery, such as x-rays or visible light

156
Q

Scintillator

A

Material that glows (luminesces) when exposed to ionizing radiation

157
Q

Acute

A

Characterized by sharpness or severity, having rapid onset and a relatively short duration

158
Q

Chronic

A

Marked by long duration; recurring over a period of time

159
Q

Inverse square law

A

Physical law that states that the amount of radiation present is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation

160
Q

Explosive ordinance disposal (EOD)

A

Emergency responders specially trained and equipped to handle and dispose of explosive devices

161
Q

Division number

A

Subset of a class within an explosive placard that assigns the product’s level of explosion hazard

162
Q

Code of federal regulations (CFR)

A

Rules and regulations published by executive agencies of the U.S. federal government. These administrative laws are just as enforceable as statutory laws (known collectively as federal law), which must be passed by congress

163
Q

Low explosive

A

Explosive material that deflagrates, producing a reaction slower than the speed of sound

164
Q

Deflagrate

A

To explode (burnquickly) at a rate of speed slower than the speed of sound

165
Q

High explosive

A

Explosive that decomposes extremely rapidly (almost instantaneously) and has a detonation velocity faster than the speed of sound

166
Q

Detonate

A

To explode ocause to explode. The level of explosive capability will directly affect the speed of the combustion reaction

167
Q

Primary explosive

A

High explosive that iseasily initiated and highly sensitive to heat; often used as a detonator

168
Q

Secondary explosive

A

High explosive that is designed to detonate onnly under specific circumstances, including activation from the detonation of a primary explosive

169
Q

Homemade explosive (HME)

A

Explosive material constructued using common household chemcials. The finished product is usually highly unstable

170
Q

Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD)

A

Peroxide-based white powder high explosive organic compound that can be manufactured using nonspecialized equipment. Sensitive to shock and friction during manufacture and handling

171
Q

Acetone peroxide (TATP)

A

Triacetonetriperoxide (TATP) is typically a white crystalline powder with a distinctive acrid (bleach) smell and can range in color from a yellowish to white color. Similar to hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD)

172
Q

Improvised explosive device (IED)

A

Any explosive device constructed and deployed in a manner inconsistent with conventional military action

173
Q

Munitions

A

Military reserves of weapons, equipment, and ammunition

174
Q

Person-borne improvised explosive device (PBIED)

A

Improvised explosive device carried by a person. This type of IED is often employed by suicide bombers, but may be carried by individuals coerced into carrying the bomb

175
Q

Vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED)

A

An improvised explosive device placed in a car, truck, or other vehilce. This type of IED typically creates a large explosion

176
Q

Mobile data terminal (MDT)

A

Mobile computer that communicates with other computers on a radio system

177
Q

Detection limit

A

The smallest quantity of a material that is identifiable within a stated confidence level

178
Q

Saturation

A

The concentration at which the addition of more solute does not increase the levles of dissolved solute

179
Q

Direct reading instrument

A

A tool that indicates its reading on the tool itself, without requiring additional resources. Each instrument is designed for a specific monitoring purpose

180
Q

Calibrate

A

Operations to standardize or adjust a measuing instrument

181
Q

Calibration

A

Set of operations used to standardize or adjust the values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument

182
Q

Calibration test

A

Set of operations used to make sure that na instrument’s alerts all work at the recommened levels of hazard detected

183
Q

Chemical transportation emergency center (CHEMTREC)

A

Center established by the american chemistry council that supplies 24-hour information for incidents involving hazardous materials

184
Q

Canadian transportation emergency centre (CANUTEC)

A

Canadian center that provides fire & emergency responders with 24-hour information for incidents involving hazardous materials; operated by transport canada a department of the canadian government

185
Q

Confined space

A

Space or enclosed are not intended for continuous occupation, having limited (restricted access) openings for entry or exit, providing unfavorable natural ventilation and the potential to have a toxic, explosive, or oxygen-deficient atmosphere

186
Q

Evidence

A

Information collected and analyzed by an investigator

187
Q

Flame ionizaation detector (FID)

A

Gas detector that oxidizes all oxidizable materials in a gas stream, and then measures the concentration of the ionized material

188
Q

Chain of custody

A

Continuous chagnes of possession of physical evidence that must be establised in court to admit such material nto evidence. In order for physical evidence to be admissible in court, there must be an evidence log of accountabilith that documents each change of possession from the evidence’s discovery until it is presented in court

189
Q

Route of entry

A

Pathway via which hazardous materials get into (or affect) the human body

190
Q

Exposure limit

A

Maximum llength of time on individual can be exposed to an airborne substance before injury, illness, or death occurs

191
Q

Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)

A

Description of any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or produces immediate irreversible, debilitating effects on health; represents concentrations above which respiratory protection should be required. Expressed in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3); companion measurement to the permissible exposure limit (PEL)

192
Q

Dosimeter

A

Detection device used to measure an individual’s exposure to an environmental hazard such as radiation or sound

193
Q

Rotegen (R)

A

English system unit used to measure radiation exposure, applied only to gamma and x-ray radiation, the unit used on most U.S. dosimeters

194
Q

Roentgen equivalent in man (rem)

A

English system unit used to express the radiation absorbed dose (rad) equivalence as pertaining to a human body; used to set radiation dose limits for emergency responders. Applied to all types of radiation

195
Q

Counts per minute (CPM)

A

Measure of ionizing radiation in which a detection device registers the rate of returns over time. Primarily used to detect particles, not rays

196
Q

Sievert

A

SI unit of measurement for low levels of ionizing radiation and their heath effect in humans

197
Q

Correction factor

A

Manufacturer-provided number that cna be used to convert a specific device’s read-out to be applicable to another function

198
Q

Combustible gas indicator (CGI)

A

Electronic device that indicates the presence and explosive levels of combustible gases, as relayed from a combustible gas detector

199
Q

Electrochemical gas sensor

A

Device used to meausre the concentration of a target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas and then measuring the current

200
Q

PH indicator

A

Chemical detector for hydronium ions (H3)+) or hydrogen ions (H+). Indicator equipment includes impregnated papers and meters

201
Q

Multi-use detectors

A

Device with several types of equipment in one handheld device. Used to detect specific types of materials in an atmosphere

202
Q

Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor

A

Simple spectroscope that cna be used as a gas detector

203
Q

Colormetric indicator tube

A

Small tube filled with a chemcial reagent that changes color in a predictable manner when a controlled volume of contaminated air is drawn through it

204
Q

Reagent

A

Chemcial that is known to react to another chemical or compound in a specific way, often used to detect or synthesize another chemical

205
Q

Geiger-Mueller (GM) detector

A

Detection device that uses GM tubes to measure ionizing radiation

206
Q

Geiger-Mueller (GM) tubes

A

Sensor tube used to detect ionizing radiation. This tube is one element of a Geiger-Mueller detector

207
Q

Self-reading dosimeters (SRDs)

A

Detection device that displays the cumulative reading without requiring additional processing

208
Q

Ionization potential

A

Energy required to free an electron from its atom or molecule

209
Q

Immunoassay (IA)

A

To measure the concentration of an analyte (material of interest) within a solution

210
Q

Antibody

A

Specialized protein produced by a body’s immune system when it detects antigens (harmful substances). Antibodies can only neutralize or remove the efffects of their analogous antigens

211
Q

Antigen

A

Toxin or other foreign substance that triggers an immune response in a body

212
Q

Wet chemistry

A

Branch of analysis with a focus on chemicals in their liquid phase

213
Q

Thermal imager (TI)

A

Electronic device that forms images using infrared radiation

214
Q

Infrared

A

Invisible electromagnetic radiant energy at a wavelength in the vibile light spectrum greater than the red end but loower than microwaves

215
Q

Infrared (IR) thermometer

A

Noncontact measuring device that detects hte infrared energy emitted by materials and converts the energy facotr into a temperature reading

216
Q

Emissivity

A

Measure of an object’s ability to radiate thermal energy

217
Q

Carcinogen

A

Cancer producing substance

218
Q

Flame ionization detectors (FIDs)

A

Gas detector that oxidizes all oxidizable material in a gas stream, and then measures the concentration of the ionized material

219
Q

Gas Chromatography (GC)

A

Apparatus used to detect and separate small quantities of volatile liquids or gases via instrument analysis

220
Q

Spectrometer

A

Apparatus used to measure the intensity of a given sample based on a predefined spectrum such as wavelength or mass

221
Q

Mass spectrometer

A

Apparatus used to ionize a chemical and then measure the masses within the sample

222
Q

Spectroscopy

A

Study of the results when a material is dispersed into ints component spectrum

223
Q

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)

A

Technique used to separate and identify ionized molecules. The ionize molecules are impeded in travel via a buffer gas chosen for the type of detection intended. larger ions are slowed more than smaller ions: this difference provides an indication of the ions’ size and identify

224
Q

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor

A

Device that senses a physical phenomenon. Eelectrical signals are transduced to mechanical waves, and then back to electrical signals for analysis

225
Q

Gamma-ray spectrometer

A

Apparatus used to measure the intensity of gamma radiation as compared to the energy of each photon

226
Q

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy

A

Device that uses a mathematical process to convert detection data onto the infrared spectrum

227
Q

Spectrophotometers

A

Apparatus used to measure the intensity of light as an aspect of its color

228
Q

Raman spectrometer

A

Apparatus used to observe the absorption, scattering, and shifts in light when sent through a material. The results are unique to the molecule

229
Q

Absorb

A

The collection of a liquid or gas on the surface of a solid in a thin layer

230
Q

Fluorimeter

A

Device used to detect the fluorescence of a material, especially as pertains to the fluorescent qualities of DNA & RNA

231
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Technique to which DNA is copied to amplfy a seqment of DNA to diagnose and monitor a disease or to forensically identify an individual

232
Q

Risk based response

A

Method using hazard and risk assessment to determine an appropriate mitigation effort based on the circumstances of the incident

233
Q

Hazard materials profile

A

A chemical size-up based upon the suspected identity, or not, of a chemical hazard. This is validated with monitoring and detection equipment upon performing a reconnaissance entry. Profiling allows the hazmat technician to predict hazards and validate the actual entry conditions even if the product is not positively identified

234
Q

Chemical assessment

A

An organized approach at quantifying the risks associated with the potential exposure to the chemical

235
Q

CAS number

A

Number assigned by the american chemical society’s chemical absrtract service that uniquely identifies a specific compound

236
Q

Globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS)

A

International classification and labeling system for chemicals and other hazards communication information, such as safety data sheets

237
Q

UN/NA number

A

Four-digit number assigned by the United Nations to identify a specific hazardous chemical. North America (DOT) numbers are identical to UN numbers, unless the UN number is unassigned

238
Q

Standard transportation commodity code

A

Numberical code on the waybill used. By the rail industry to identify the commodity

239
Q

Emergency response guidebook (ERG)

A

Manual that aids emergency response and inspection personnel in identifying hazardous materials placards and labels; also gives guidelines for initial actions to be taken at hazardous materials incidents, developed jointly by transport canada (TC), U.S. department of transportation (DOT), the secretariat of transport and communications of mexico (SCT), and with the collaboration of CIQUIME (centro de informacion quimica para emergencias)

240
Q

Pipeline and hazardous materials safety administration (PHMSA)

A

Branch of the U.S. department of transportation. (DOT) that focuses on pipeline safety and related environemental concerns

241
Q

Chemical inventory list (CIL)

A

Formal tracking document showing details of stored chemicals including location, manufacturer, volume, container type, and health hazards

242
Q

Local emergency planning committee (LEPC)

A

Community organization responsible for local emergency resposne planning. Required by SARA title III, LEPCs are composed of local officials, citizens, and industry representatives with the task of designing, reviewing, and updating a comprehensive emergency plan for an emergency planning district; plans may address hazardous materials inventories, hazardous materials response training, and assessment of local response capabilites

243
Q

Computer-aided management of emergency operations (CAMEO)

A

A system of software applications that assists emergency responders in the development of safe response plans. It can be used to access, store, and evaluate information critical in emergency response

244
Q

Datasheet

A

Document that includes important inforamtion regarding a specific utility or resource in a standardized format

245
Q

Wireless information system for emergency responders (WISER)

A

This electronic resource brings a wide range of information to the hazmat responde such as chemical identification suportt, characteristics of chemicals and compounds, health hazard information, and containment advice

246
Q

Metadata

A

Information that provides background and detail about other types of information

247
Q

Geographic information systems (GIS)

A

Computer software application that relattes physical features on the earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis. The system captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that refers to or is linked to a location

248
Q

CHLOREP

A

Program adminstered and coordinated by the chlorine institute to provide an organized and effective system for responding to chlorine emergencies int he United States and canada, operating 24 hours a day/7 days a week with established phone contacts

249
Q

Other regulated material (ORM)

A

Material, such as a consumer commodity, that does not meet the definition of a hazardous material and is not included in any other hazard class but possesses enough hazardous characterisitcs that it requires some regulation; presents limited hazard during transportation because of its form, quantity, and packaging

250
Q

Toxic inhalation hazard (TIH)

A

Volatile liquid or gas known to be severe hazard to human health during transportation

251
Q

Cylinder

A

Enclosed container with a circular cross-section used to hold a range of materials. Uses include compressed breathing air, poisons, or radioactive materials

252
Q

Hydrostatic test

A

Testing method that uses water under pressure to check the integrity of pressure vessels

253
Q

Dewar

A

Container designed for the movement of small quantities of cryogenic liquids within a facility; not designed or intended to meet department of transportation (DOT) requirements for the transportation of cryogenic materials

254
Q

Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs)

A

Rigid (RIBC) or flexible (FIBC) portable packagiing, other than a cylinder or portable tank, that is designed for mechanical handling with a maximum capacity of not more than 3 cubic meters

255
Q

Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP)

A

A percentage of a container’s test pressure. Can be calculated as the pressure that the weakest component of a vessel or container can safely maintain

256
Q

American society of mechanical engineers (ASME)

A

Voluntary standards - setting organization concerned with the development of technical standards, such as those for respiratory protection cylinders

257
Q

Bill of lading

A

Shipping paper used by the trucking industry (and others) indicating origin, destination, route, and product; placed in the cab of every truck tractor. This document establishes the terms of a contract between a shipper and a carrier. It serves as a document of title, contract of carriage, and receipt for goods

258
Q

Baffle

A

Partition placed in vehicular or aircraft water tanks to reduce shifting of the water load when starting, stopping, and turning

259
Q

Cryogen

A

Gas that is converted into liquid by being cooled below -130F (-90C)

260
Q

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

A

Natural gas stored under pressure as a liquid

261
Q

Railcar initials and numbers

A

Combination of letters and numbers stenciled on rail tank cars that may be used to get information about the car’s contents from the railroad’s computer or the shipper

262
Q

Specification marking

A

Stencil on the exterior of a tank car indicating the standards to which the tank car was built: may also be found on intermodal containers and cargo tank trucks

263
Q

Capacity stencil

A

Number stenciled on the exteriior of a tank car to indicate the volume of the tank

264
Q

Frameless tank car

A

Direct attachment of a rail tank car to the truck assembly. This type of construction transfers all of the stresses of transport from the railcar to the stub sill assembly and the tank itself

265
Q

Continuous underframe tank car

A

Construction of a rail tank car that includes full support of the tank car. The underframe rests on the truck assembly during transport

266
Q

Head shield

A

Layer of puncture protection added to the head of tanks. Head shields may or may not be visible, depending on the construction of the tank and the type of protection provided

267
Q

Thermal insulation

A

Materials added to decrease heat transfer between objects in proximity to each other

268
Q

Thermal protection

A

Materials added to the shell of a railway tank car to increase the durability of the tank car against direct flame impingement or a pool of fire

269
Q

Manway

A

Opening that is large enough to admit a person into a tank. This opening is usually equipped with a removeable, lockable cover

270
Q

Valve

A

Mechanical device with a passageway that controls the flow of a liquid or gas

271
Q

Safety relief device

A

Device onn rail car cargo tanks with an operating part held in pace by a spring; the vallve opens at preset pressures to relieve excess pressure and prevent failure of the vessel

272
Q

Pressure relief valve

A

Pressure control device designed to eliminate hazardous conditions resulting from excessive pressures by allowing this pressure to release in manageable quanitites

273
Q

Vacuum relief valve

A

Pressure control device designed to introduce outside air into a container during periods of heating and cooling

274
Q

Waybill

A

Shipping paper used by a railroad to indicate origin, destination, route, and product; a waybill for each car is carried by the conductor

275
Q

Heat induced tear

A

Rupture of a container caused by overpressure, often along the seam. This type of failure primarily occurs in low-pressure containers transporting flammable/combustible liquids

276
Q

Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)

A

Rapid vaporization of a liquid stored under pressure upon release to the atmosphere following major failure of its containing vessel. Failure is the result of over-pressurization cuased by an external heat source, which causes the vessel to explode into two or more pieces when the temperature of the liquid is well above its boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure

277
Q

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

A

Any of several petroleum products, such as propane or butane, stored under pressure as a liquid

278
Q

Intermodal container

A

Freight containers designed and constructed to be used interchangeably in two ormore modes of transport

279
Q

Beam

A

Structural member subjected to loads, usually vertical loads, perpendicular to its length

280
Q

T-code

A

Portable tank instuction code used to identify intermodal containers used to tranport hazardous materials. This set of codes replaces the IMO type listings

281
Q

Coffer dam

A

Narrow, empty space (void) between compartments or tanks of a vessel that prevents leakage between theml used to isolate compartments or tanks

282
Q

Air bill

A

Shipping document prepared from a bill of lading that accompanies each piece or each lot of air cargo

283
Q

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

A

System that monitors and controls coded signals from preset locations within an infrastructure (pipeline system), industry (manufacturing system), or facility (building system)

284
Q

Pressure storage tank

A

Class of fixed facility storage tanks divided into two categories; low-pressure storage tanks and pressure vessels

285
Q

Low pressure storage tank

A

Class of fixed-facility storage tanks that are designed to have an operating pressure ranging from 0.5 to 15 psi

286
Q

Pressure vessel

A

Fixed-facility sotrage tanks with operating pressure above 15 psi

287
Q

Cryogenic liquid storage tank

A

Heavily insulated, vacuum-jacketed tanks used to store cryogenic liquids; equipped with safety-relief valves and rupture disks

288
Q

Radiation

A

Energy from a radioactive source emitted in the form of waves or particles, as a result of the decay of an atomic nucleus

289
Q

Expected packaging

A

Container used for transportation of amterials that have very limited radioactivity

290
Q

Industrial packaging

A

Container used to ship radioactive materials that present limited hazard to the public and the environment, such as smoke detectors

291
Q

Type a packaging

A

Container used to ship radioactive materials with relatively high radiation levels

292
Q

Type b packaging

A

Container used to ship radioactive materials that exceed the limits allowed by type A packaging, such as materials that would present a radiation hazard to the pubic or environment if there were a major release

293
Q

Type C packaging

A

Container used to ship highly reactive radioactive materials intended for transport via aircraft

294
Q

Transport index (TI)

A

Number placed on the label of a package expressing the maximum allowable radiation level in millirem per hour at 1 meter (3.3 feet) from the external surface of the package

295
Q

Preincident survey

A

Assessment of a facility or location made before an emergency occurs in order to prepare for an appropriate emergency response

296
Q

Hazard & risk assessment

A

Formal review of the hazards and risks that may be encountered by firefighters or emergencyc responders; used to determine that appropriate level and type of personal and respiratory protection that must be worn

297
Q

Hazard class

A

Group of materials designated by the department of transportation (DOT) that shares a major hazardous property

298
Q

Response model

A

Framework for resolving problems or conflicts using logic, research, and analysis

299
Q

Nonintervention operations

A

Operations in which responders take no direct actions on the actual problem

300
Q

Local emergency response plan (LERP)

A

Plan detailing how local emergency response agencies will respond to community emergencies; required by U.S. environmental protection agency (EPA) and prepared by local emergency planning committee (LEPC)

301
Q

Defensive operations

A

Operations in which responders seek to confine the emergency to a given area without directly contacting the hazardous materials invovled

302
Q

Offensive operations

A

Operations in which responders take aggressive, direct action on the material, container, or process equipment involved in an incident

303
Q

Containment

A

The act of stopping the further release of a material from its container

304
Q

Termination

A

The phase of an incident in which emergency operations are completed and the scene is turned over to the property owner or other party for recovery operations

305
Q

Post incident critique

A

Discussion of the incident during the termination phase of response. Discussion includes responders, stakeholders, and command staff, to determine facets of the response that were successful and areas that can be improved upon

306
Q

Post incident analysis (PAI)

A

Overview and critique of an incident including feedback from members of all responding agencies. Typically takes place within two weeks of the incident. In the training environment it may be used to evaluate student and instructor performance during a training evolution

307
Q

Rapid intervention crew or team (RIC/RIT)

A

Two or more firefighters designated to perform firefighter rescue; they are stationed outside the hazard and must be standing by throughout the incident

308
Q

Incident management system (IMS)

A

System described in NFPA 1561, standard on emergency services incident management system and command safety, that defines the roles, responsibiliites, and standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations. Such systems may also be referred to as incident command systems (ICS).

309
Q

National incident management system - incident command systems (NIMS-ICS)

A

The U.S. mandated incident management system that defines the roles, responsibilities, and standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations; creates a unified incident response structure for federal, state, and local governments

310
Q

Unified command (UC)

A

In the incident command system, a shared command roles in which all agencies with geographical or functional responsibiity establish a common set of incident objectives and strategies. In unifed command there is a single incident command post and a single operations chief at any given time

311
Q

Safety officer

A

Member of the IMS command staff responsible to the incident commander for monitoring and assessing hazardous and unsafe conditions and developing measures for assessing personnel safety on an incident

312
Q

Absorption

A

Penetration of one substance into the structure of another, such as the process of picking up a liquid contaminant

313
Q

Adsorption

A

Adherence of a substance in a liquid or gas to a solid. This process occurs on the surface of the absorbent material

314
Q

Mass decontamination

A

Process of decontaminating large numbers of people in the fastest possible time to reduce surface contamination to a safe level. It is typically a gross decon process utilizing water or soap and water solutions to reduce the level of contamination, with or without a formal decontamination corridor or line

315
Q

Ambulatory

A

People, often responder, who are able to understand directions, talk and walk unassisted

316
Q

Technical decontamination

A

Using chemical or physical methods to thoroughly remove contaminants from responders (primarily entry team personnel) and their equipment; usuallly conducted within a formal decontamination line or corridor following gross decontamination

317
Q

Biodegradable

A

Capable of being broken down into innocuous product by the actions of living things, such as microorganisms

318
Q

Diluation

A

Application of water-soluble material to reduce the hazard

319
Q

Disfection

A

Any process that eliminates most biological agents; disinfecction techniques may target specific entities, often uses chemcials

320
Q

Positive-pressure ventilation (PPV)

A

Method of ventilating a room or structure by mechanically blowing fresh air through an inlet opening into the space in sufficient volume to create a slight positive pressure within and thereby forcing the contaminated atmosphere out the exit opening

321
Q

Neutralization

A

Chemical reaction in water in which an acid and base react quantitatively with each other until there are no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions remaining in the solution

322
Q

Sterilization

A

Any process that destroys biological agents and other life forms often uses heat

323
Q

Sufactant

A

Chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid; allows water to spread move rapidly over the surface of class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels

324
Q

Berm

A

Termporary or permanent barrier intended to control the flow of water

HazMat (16 decks)

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