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Chemistry > Defenitions I Might Actually Need > Flashcards

Defenitions I Might Actually Need Flashcards

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1
Q

Anhydrous

A

Containing no water molecules

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2
Q

Hydrated

A

A crystalline compound containing water molecules

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3
Q

Water of crystallisation

A

Water molecules that are bonded into a crystalline structure of a compound

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4
Q

Volatility

A

The ease at which a liquid turns into a gas

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5
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

A bond with a permanent dipole, having + and - partial charges on the bonded atoms

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6
Q

Permanent dipole

A

A small charge difference that does not change across a bond

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7
Q

First ionisation energy

A

The energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms of an element to form one more of gaseous 1+ ions

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8
Q

Enthalpy change of neutralisation

A

The enthalpy change when solutions of an acid and an alkali react together under standard conditions to produce 1 mole of water.

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9
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds

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10
Q

Homogenous catalyst

A

A catalyst with the same physical state as the reactants

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11
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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12
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

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13
Q

Structural isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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14
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

A type of stereoisomerism where different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C may be arranged differently in space, due to the restrictive rotation of the C=C

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15
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

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16
Q

Nuclelophile

A

An electron pair donator

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17
Q

Solid structures of simple molecular lattices

A

Covalently bonded molecules attracted by intermolecular forces, eg. Ice and I2

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18
Q

Across a period, small decreases from eg. Be-B and from eg. N-O. Because,

A

Be-B - electron removed from a higher sub shell (p) which has more energy and so less energy is needed to remove the electron
N-O - first paired electron to be removed so because of repulsion less energy is needed

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19
Q

Orbital

A

A region around the nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins

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20
Q

Strongest permenant dipole=

A

Biggest difference in electronegativity

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21
Q

What is Ca(OH)2 used for?

A

In agriculture to neutralise acid soils

22
Q

What are Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 used for?

A

Antacids in treating indigestion

23
Q

In S8…

A

Simple covalent molecules form a lattice

24
Q

Name the order of the qualitative tests

A

Carbonate
Sulphate
Halide

25
Q

What acid should be used for the carbonate test?

A

HNO3

26
Q

What should be used for the surface test?

A

Ba(NO3)2

27
Q

Standard conditions

A

298K
100KPa
1mol/dm3

28
Q

In a dynamic equilibrium:

A
  • rate of forward = rate of backward

- Conc. Stays constant

29
Q

Le chateliers principal

A

When a system is in equilibrium and subjected to an external change, the system readjusts itself to counter the change

30
Q

If Kc = 1

A

Equilibrium halfway between

31
Q

Kc > 1

A

Equilibrium towards products

32
Q

Kc

A

Equilibrium towards reactants

33
Q

What does a Curley arrow show?

A

Movement of an electron pair

34
Q

Pi bond

A

Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

35
Q

Sigma bond

A

Overlap of orbitals end to end directly between the bonding atoms

36
Q

Why are alkalis unreactive?

A
  • strong sigma bonds
  • C-C bonds also non-polar
  • High bond enthalpy
37
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A
  • Low bond enthalpy of pi bond (see wall)
38
Q

Why burn polymers?

A

To create steam to power a turbine

39
Q

Why use organic feedstock recycling?

A

As it is can reclaim monomers, gases and oils from waste polymers.
These new raw materials can be re-used to create new polymers

40
Q

Why and how do you recycle PVC?

A

As it creates HCl when burnt, a corrosive gas.

You recycle by using solvents to dissolve the polymer (PVC)

41
Q

Benefits to the Env. Of photodegradable polymers

A
  • Break down when absorb sun, energy not needed to recycle it
42
Q

Benefits to the Env. Of photodegradable polymers

A
  • Used in bin liners so waste food and bags can be composted together
  • Leaves no toxic or visual residue when it breaks down
43
Q

Why the low volatility in alcohols compared to alkanes?

A

Higher B.P = Lower Volatility,

So alcohols have a higher boiling point because of strong hydrogen bondin

44
Q

Polarity in alcohols?

A

Alcohols are polar, because of the polar O-H bond (difference in electronegativity).

45
Q

How is the HBr for alcohol to haloalkanes formed?

A

NaBr + H2SO4 —-> NaHSO4 + HBr

46
Q

What is Cl radical in ozone reactions?

A

Catalyst

47
Q

How are halogen radicals produced in the atmosphere?

A

Action of UV radiation on CFCs in the atmosphere

48
Q

Pros of CFCs?

A

Refrigerants - low BP, unreactive

Propellant - low toxicity, no risk of fire

49
Q

What does infrared radiation cause covalent bonds to do?

A

They vibrate more and absorb energy

50
Q

How can IR spectroscopy be used in the modern world?

A
  • Monitor gases causing air pollution, eg. CO and NO from car exhausts
  • In modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breadth

Chemistry (9 decks)

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