ALL organic Reaction

Question 1

Alkane to CO2 + H2O

Answer 1

Combustion
O2 reagent
Burn

Question 2

Alkane to haloalkane

Answer 2

Free radical substitution
Cl2 reagent
UV light

Draw mechanism for methane with Cl2

Question 3

Alkene to alkane

Answer 3

Addition
Hydrogenation
H2 reagent
150C
Nickel catalyst

Question 4

Alkene to haloalkane

Answer 4

Addition

Hydrogen halide catalyst

Question 5

Alkene to 1,2-dibromoethane (include observation)

Answer 5

Electrophilic Addition
Br2 reagent

Observation - bromine decolourised
Outline the mechanism using ethane and Br2

Question 6

What do you need for addition polymerisation?

Answer 6

Many monomers

High temperature, pressure

Question 7

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 7

Addition
Hydration
STEAM (h20 gaseous) reagent
300C
H3PO4 catalyst

Question 8

Alcohol to alkene

Answer 8

Elimination
Dehydration
170C
Concentrated H3PO4 catalyst

Question 9

Glucose to alcohol

Answer 9

Fermentation
Yeast reagent
37C (or enzyme will denature)
Warm

Question 10

Alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 10

Substitution
NaBr and H2SO4 react in situ to form the HBr reagent and NaHSO4
Reflux the alcohol with the NaBr and H2SO4

Question 11

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 11

Nucleophilic substitution
NaOH reagent
Reflux
Outline the mechanism for cloroethane with NaOH

Question 12

Alcohol to aldehyde

Observation

Answer 12

Mild oxidation
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (symbolised by [O])
Distillation
Dichromate ions turn orange to green 
Makes H2O aswell

Question 13

Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Answer 13

Full oxidation
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (symbolised by 2[O])
Reflux
Dichromate ions turn orange to green 
Makes H2O aswell

Question 14

Secondary alcohol to ketone

Answer 14

Full oxidation
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (symbolised by [O])
Reflux
Dichromate ions turn orange to green 
Makes H2O aswell

Question 15

Alcohol to ester

Answer 15

Esterification
Carboxylic Acid reagent
Warm
Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

Question 16

Aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

Answer 16

Reduction
NaBH4 reagent (NaBH4/H2O on arrow and represented by 2[H]) 
Outline the mechanism with ethyl Ethanoate

Question 17

Ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol

Answer 17

Alkaline Hydrolysis
NaOH reagent
Reflux with the NaOH
Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

Question 18

Ester to Carboxylic Acid + alcohol

Answer 18

Acid hydrolysis
H2O reagent
Reflux with dilute Acid

Question 19

Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride + SO2 + HCl

Answer 19

SOCl2 reagent (Thionyl Chloride)
Do in fume cupboard as SO2 produced

Question 20

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid + HCl

Observation

Answer 20

H2O reagent

Steamy fumes of HCl

Question 21

Acyl Chloride to ester + HCl

Answer 21

Alcohol reagent

Question 22

Acyl Chloride to primary amide + HCl

Answer 22

Ammonia reagent

Question 23

Acyl Chloride to secondary amide + HCl

Answer 23

Primary amine reagent

Question 24

What if you reacted Acyl Chloride with 2NH3

Answer 24

Creates the primary amine but also NH4Cl

Question 25

What if you reacted Acyl Chloride with 2CH3NH2?

Answer 25

It creates CH3NH3+CL- (see p470)

Question 26

Haloalkane to a nitrile compound

Answer 26

NaCN reagent | Reflux

Question 27

Nitrile to primary amine

Answer 27

H2 reagent | Nickel catalyst

Question 28

Haloalkane to Amine

Answer 28

Conc. XS NH3 reagent With ethanol solvent Warm Conditions- ethanol used as a solvent ( prevents substitution of the haloalkane by water to produce alcohols) excess ammonia is used. This reduces further substitution of the amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines

Question 29

Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid

Answer 29

Hydrolysis HCl/H2O reagent Heat

Question 30

Aldehyde or ketone to a nitrile

Answer 30

HCN reagent It is created by reacting H2SO4/NaCN (go on arrow in equation) Very useful as increases the carbon chain

Question 31

Hydrolysis definition

Answer 31

Chemical breakdown of a compound when water is added

Question 32

Oxides are...

Answer 32

SOLID