deeps breaths Flashcards
define organic compound
carbon containing compounds which contains carbon- hydrogen bonds
define inorganic compound
non carbon- hydrogen bonds and few carbon containing compounds
define hydrocarbon
organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon
what is saturated hydrocarbon
compound that only contains- carbon single covalent bonds
they have maximum number of hydrogen atoms
what is unsaturated hydrocarbon
contains at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bonds
what is non-hydrocarbon
organic compounds in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by other atoms
name the fractions in petroleum
refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, paraffin, diesel, fuel oil, lubricating fraction, bitumen
name the uses of fraction in petroleum
good luck i aint writing the ans here look at the module
why does boiling point increases as number of carbon atom increases
molecule gets bigger, stronger intermolecular FOA , more heat to overome
what is cracking
process which large molecules can be broken down into smaller ones by the use of catalyst
why is cracking necessary after fractional distillation of petroleum?
fractions contain impurity (sulfur)
fractions are thick, do not burn easily and unreactive
what are fractions
large molecules or long chain alkanes
what is homologous series
a group of organic compounds that share the same general formula and have same chemical properties
what is functional group
group of atoms that is responsible for the same chemical properties of a homologous series
characteristic of homologous series
same general formula, same physical properties that vary gradually , differ by -ch2, same chemical properties, prepared using similar methods
what is excess of oxygen
there is more than enough supply of oxygen for the reactant to react with
chemical properties of alkane
undergoes combustion and substituion reactions
what are the products of combustion of alkane
carbon dioxide and water
what is substitution reaction
one atom replaces another atom in a molecule
in the presence of UV light or sunlight as a catalyst
what is isomerism
phenomenon of organic compound existing as isomers
what are isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
chemical properties of alkenes
combustion, addition reaction (5) and polymerisation
why are alkenes more reactive
they have carbon-carbon double covalent bond. one of the 2 bonds is easily broken
advantage and disadvantage of fermentations
renewable resources, low operating cost
a lot of land needed to grow crops, slow, heat energy needed for fractional distillation
advantage and disadvantage of hydration
fast continuous process, pure ethanol obtained, higher yield
non renewable sources, costly, reversible reaction
what are the usus of ethanol
solvent - hydroxyl allows to dissolve in water and other organic solvents
fuels - renewable and releases co2 and h2o
chemical properties of ethanol
combustion , oxidation and dehydration
observation when ethanol undergoes combustion
colourless liquid is easily ignited with lighted splinter and burns with a non luminous and non sooty flam
physical properties of ethanol
colourless, vinegar smell and acidic
what is reflux
process which involved the heating of chemical reaction with an attached condenser while continually cooling the vapour produced back into liquid form
how to make carboxylic acid the biological way
fermentation- allow oxygen enter and react with the fermenting mixture
how to make carboxylic acid chemically
heat using reflux and oxidising agent (acidified aq potassium manganate VII)
why do we use condenser in reflux
prevent loss of volatile liquid by vaporisation
retains volatile liquid from escaping into atmosphere
ensure reaction goes to completion
physical properties of carboxylic acid
trend increases and generally soluble, solubility decreases in water
why does solubility decreases for carboxylic acid
no of carbon atoms per carboxylic acid increases so mulecules tends to be like alkane structure
properties of ester
less dense than water, insoluble in water colourless, low boiling point , sweet and fruit odour
what are polymers
long chained molecules made up of many identical repeatinf units called monomers chemicall joined tgt
what is polymerisation
process of chemically joining small identical alkene molecules to form a long chain or big molecules (polymers)
how are monomers joined tgt
single covalent bonds
how are fibres made and name the 2 types of polymer + example
condensation
polyamide - nylon
polyester - terylene
what is condensation polymerisation
2 molecules chemically join with the removal of a small molecule to from large molecule
what are the linkage for polamid and polyester
amide
ester
how are polymners brokwn down to monomers
hydrolysis
how to breakdown starch
amylase
heat with dilute hcl
who to separate and identify products of hydrolysis od carbohydrates and protein
paper chromatography
