Declining Empires February '23 - FIRST unit of 2nd Half

Question 1

Ayan

Answer 1

wealthy landowners

Question 2

Khedives

Answer 2

local leaders in a decentralized Egypt after Muhammad Ali’s death. They sold the Sinai Peninsula (Suez Canal) to a private company of British and France businessmen and became the world’s most important waterway but then they were forced to sell all rights to Britain and they took it over as a colony.

Question 3

Young Turks

Answer 3

had talents and rose from equal opportunities. They thought Abul Hamid’s policies were holding back the empire and overthrew him.

Question 4

Selium ll

Answer 4

wanted to modernize the military, which was a threat to the janissaries and they ended up assassinating him.

Question 5

Mahmud ll

Answer 5

Got rid of Janissaries by tricking them and began to train a modern military force.
He also created a postal system and built roads.
He did not directly try to legally lessen the power of Ulama (religious authority) but did bring competition
Created a welfare system = basic needs for peoples who are not making it
Auspicious Incident = officially getting rid of janissaries

Question 6

Muhammad Ali

Answer 6

was an Egyptian ruler but was part of the Ottoman Empire. He modernized his military to the point where he could easily beat the Ottomans but chose not to. Had a textile industry of cotton

Question 7

Abul Hamid

Answer 7

suspends constitution because he did not want his power being checked/limited in any way. Had an alliance with Ulama and rolled back Tanzimat Reforms. Continued to modernize the military and used a merit based system for it so everyone has equal opportunities for promotions in the military.

Question 8

Auspicious Incident

Answer 8

officially getting rid of the janissaries by Selium ll

Question 9

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 9

government starting to take control of the education system from the Ulamas. It made everyone equal under the law. Efforts from Ottomans trying to modernize because they realize their backwardness.

Question 10

Explain the strategic interest that the Europeans had in the Ottoman Empire

Answer 10

The Ottomans obtained the Sinai Peninsula, a place the Europeans were eyeing to build a canal to cut down time from Europe to Asia because the canal would go through Asia and Africa.

Question 11

Why were the janissaries formed and how did they impede progress?

Answer 11

Janissaries were formed to protect the sultan from internal rebellion and the unclear line of succession . They impeded progress because they did not want to see change to their position?

Question 12

Why do the ulama, ayan and janissaries resist reform?

Answer 12

Ruin their power/status

Question 13

Why was Abdul Hamid able to halt the Tanzimat Reforms?

Answer 13

By making an alliance with the Ulama who have a following.

Question 14

Explain the steps that reformers took to try and centralize power in the Ottoman Empire

Answer 14

Tried to create a bureaucracy → They tried to modernize the military → got rid of janissaries from Auspicious Incident → created a welfare system → Tanzimat Reforms

Question 15

Describe Egypt’s status within the Ottoman Empire and explain why it was this way

Answer 15

They were part of the Ottoman Empire but were autonomous.

Question 16

Explain how Muhammad Ali’s policies favored the elite class (ayan) in Egypt

Answer 16

He had a textile industry of cotton which greatly favored the Ayans because they were producing it for him gaining wealth.

Question 17

Norachi

Answer 17

groups of tribes that the Ming emperor called in to help defend the Ming from their internal invasions. But, they end up conquering the Mings and make it the Qing Dynasty

Question 18

Extraterritoriality

Answer 18

British could not be tried under Chinese law/had immunity to their laws when they were there

Question 19

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 19

result of Opium War won by the British. Was forced on the Chinese. Opened up additional ports for trade, Hong Kong was given to British, Opium was legalized because of the wealth it gave British, and they had extraterritoriality (immune to their laws)

Question 20

Tai’ping Rebellion

Answer 20

lead by Hong Jiquan - he saw how foreigners were dominating in China and how the Qing Dynasty was not stopping them, so he wanted to get rid of them himself. Result was death of 20 million Chinese and the weakening of the Qing

Question 21

Hong Kong

Answer 21

became a British territory after they forced the Treaty of Nanjing on the Chinese

Question 22

Self-strengthening movement

Answer 22

attempt to modernize themselves to better resist foreigners, was directed at government

Question 23

Sphere’s of influence

Answer 23

foreigners’ reward for Tai’ping Rebellion was land zones that were exclusively owned - falling deeper into the grip of foreigners.

Question 24

Boxer rebellion

Answer 24

anti-foreigners group who started to attack and make the foreigners as uncomfortable as possible. But they went too far and were defeated.

Question 25

Explain why the Manchurians were in China in the first place

Answer 25

They were invited in by Ming Dynasty to put down conflicts but then overthrew them to make Qing

Question 26

Compare the Mongols’ and Manchurians’ treatment and attitude towards the Chinese that each ruled

Answer 26

Mongols were mean and forced their culture upon them while the Manchurian openly embraced Chinese culture.

Question 27

Why did Manchurian emperors have a policy that favored the peasants?

Answer 27

The policy said that any unused land could be taken by peasants

Question 28

Explain why the Qing Dynasty began to lose the Mandate of Heaven

Answer 28

Rapid population growth caused decrease in amount of resources and resulted in a famine

Question 29

What were the restrictions that the Qing rulers placed on foreign traders AND why were they put in place?

Answer 29

Limited to where they could trade - only the city of Khanton, could not bring money, they only wanted gold and silver from them, nothing else. They did this because they thought their resources were better than everyone else’s, thus they did not need them.

Question 30

Describe the cause, results and effects of the Opium War.

Answer 30

Cause = Lin Zexu was appointed to help the emperor stop the Opium trade (which was a very addictive drug). Lin Zexu bans opium and destroys the port were it is located
Result = The British were very mad and brought in their military to China and defeated them easily due to China’s backwardness
Effects = The British forced the Treaty of Nanjing upon the Chinese which allowed more ports to be opened up in China, Hong Kong for British territory, opium was legalized and the British could have extraterritoriality.

Question 31

Why did China lose the Opium War and consistently give concessions to the Europeans throughout the 19th century?

Answer 31

China lost the Opium war because they were technologically backwards compared to the British. They had to give concessions to the Europeans because of the Treaty of Nanjing which was forced on the Chinese.`

Question 32

Describe the similarities and differences between the Tai’ping and Boxer Rebellions

Answer 32

Both were a reaction against foreigners who were dominating China

Question 33

Commodore Party

Answer 33

When American ships arrived in Japan looking advanced and terrifying with gifts to show what they would get out of trading with them - trying to use persuasion.

Question 34

Treaty of Kanagawa

Answer 34

Japan was forced to open up two ports for the United States to trade in

Question 35

Meiji Restoration

Answer 35

complete turn around - went from a 17th century feudalistic society to a 20th century industrialized society. Got rid of Shogun, Daimyo (later became businessmen) and Samurai (who became military leaders). There was also the creation of the diet which was an elected legislature and prefectures (bureaucracy government for different regions)

Question 36

Saigo’s Rebellion

Answer 36

Samurai opposed to modernized military who rebelled, but were easily put down by modern military methods.

Question 37

Zaibatsu

Answer 37

new class known as the factory owning class, who used to be Daimyo but then they gave up their power and became this.

Question 38

How did Japan’s earlier policies impact their backwardness?

Answer 38

The Tokugawa Seclusion act caused this backwardness because it closed them off from outside contact/new ideas.

Question 39

What changes took place during the Meiji Restoration a) politically b) economically c) militarily

Answer 39

Politically = Got rid of the Shogun and Daimyo, created a Diet which was an elected legislature, and prefectures which were bureaucratic regions that were very centralized.
Economically = became better than Britain. They did this by bringing in as many experts from the west as they could, creating a national tax, rapid industrialization and the new class of Zaibatsu.
Militarily = modernized. Led to Saigo’s Rebellion

Question 40

Why did Japan become an imperial power?

Answer 40

Wanted to be more like the west and less like China, who were struggling tremendously.

Question 41

Explain why Japan’s response to the west was different than China’s response to the west

Answer 41

The Japanese borrowed so much from the west, while the Chinese were trying everything to get the west out of their country.

Question 42

Boyars

Answer 42

wealthy landowners

Question 43

Decembrists

Answer 43

people who rebelled against Nicholas l because they thought he was inheriting it illegally, when his brother just left to marry a Catholic, disqualifying him.

Question 44

Mirs

Answer 44

collective farms the newly freed serfs created

Question 45

Zemtvos

Answer 45

group of people who wanted to change back the policies to more traditional (were opposed)

Question 46

Alexander l

Answer 46

influenced by liberal Enlightenment ideas until the invasion of Napoleon and became conservative. Took part in the Holy Alliance which was made to show a common bond between them and Europe (Christianity) because they feared the Muslims in the south.

Question 47

Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationalism

Answer 47

Nicholas l policies/”laws”
Autocracy = all power was in the tsar (emperor)
Orthodoxy = idea that god put him on the throne by divine right
Nationalism = national minorities were forced to take on Russian culture, creating resentment.

Question 48

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 48

serfs were FREE. Instituted by Alexander ll. Serfs were given the option to go to cities to work in factories (goal so they could be industrialized and end their backwardness) or receive land from the government

Question 49

Redemption Bank

Answer 49

Boyars realized the peasants could not afford to buy the land. So they raised the prices and rates so the serfs could work for the Boyars again, keeping the Boyars power.

Question 50

How did the Napoleonic invasion of Russia influence the policies of Alexander I?

Answer 50

Liberal → conservative. Afraid Enlightenment ideas would take away his power

Question 51

Why did Nicholas I give privileges to Russia’s traditional elites?

Answer 51

He was in a weak position and did not want the elite class, such as Boyars, to challenge his power.

Question 52

What was the cause of the Crimean War?

Answer 52

Russians wanted a warm weather port to have access to the Black Sea.

Question 53

Why did Russia lose the Crimean War?

Answer 53

They were against the British and France too because they worried that Russia would become a challenger to their economic interests in that area.

Question 54

How did the defeat in the Crimean War lead to the reforms of Alexander II?

Answer 54

Realized how backwards they were. One way to fix this was to change out of a feudalistic society which involved freeing the serfs.

Question 55

Why did Alexander II free the serfs? Explain how this wasn’t as beneficial to the serfs as it was hoped it would be.

Answer 55

They needed industrial workers to improve the country. This was not as beneficial as they hoped because in factories, they were treated poorly and the people who stayed and owned land themselves, could not afford to make mirs.