20th Century Nationalism (March 2023)

Question 1

4 conditions necessary for nationalist movements to occur

Answer 1

Grievances = realize they are being taken advantage of
Leaders = needed to inspire the masses
Followers = needed for the movement to go somewhere
Timing = has to be right, when leaders are most vulnerable (during wars, crisis’, etc.)

Question 2

Montagu Declaration (India)

Answer 2

British instituted this because they needed as much help in WW1 as they could get. So to get support from India Montagu promises vaguely that if you support us we will give you some self government in the future.

Indians protested after the war wondering when it would come and the British gave Rowlatt Acts to silence the protests.

Question 3

Amritsar Massacre

Answer 3

a group of hundreds of non-violent Indians that were killed. Was a moment that sparked all Indians to come together to get their independence.

Question 4

Position of Indian National Congress

Answer 4

accommodationists, they acknowledge that the British have power over them.

Question 5

Bal Tilak (India)

Answer 5

a radical Hindu. Wanted the British out, independence, and wanted India to be under Hindu rule. He was scary to the British and other religious groups so the British deported him.

Question 6

All India Muslim League

Answer 6

began to support the British because they would rather have the British as their leader instead of Bal Tilak because of his religious non-tolerance.

Question 7

Gandhi and his goals and methods

Answer 7

leader of the nationalist movement in India. He was educated and sent by the British but then realized the truth and quit.
Goals = Indian independence and when that happens India remains as a WHOLE, wanting to end the caste system.
Methods = based on Hindu idea of satyagraha - never resort to violence

Question 8

Salt March

Answer 8

Led by Gandhi
protested and marched all the way to salt water to make their own because the British were over-charging the Indians for salt and put taxes on it.

Question 9

Rejection of Government of India Act

Answer 9

British granted them AUTONOMY but the Indians rejected this because they wanted FULL independence

Question 10

Weakness of Great Britain

Answer 10

Great Britain became obsolete (out of date)

Question 11

Why India had to be partitioned

Answer 11

because India was not getting along so it was split into 2 - Hindus and Muslims as well as people were given the choice if they wanted to go to Pakistan.

Question 12

Conference of Berlin

Answer 12

where Europeans created a series of ground rules to prevent Europeans (each other) from fighting over territory in Africa.

Question 13

Tribes in Africa

Answer 13

Tribes that had long histories of hatred were thrown together purposely because it made it easier for Europeans to exploit them.

Question 14

Negritude

Answer 14

calling for Africans to embrace their TRADITIONAL cultures

Question 15

Pan-Africanism

Answer 15

where ALL Africans come together regardless of their tribal associations because they recognize they are all facing the same problems.

Question 16

Nkrumah’s methods of Positive Action

Answer 16

mirrored off of Gandhi’s principles (no violence, hurt Britain economically, accept consequences, etc. )

Question 17

Referendum in French colonies

Answer 17

French threaten to throw out all the success they put into Africa and say they will suffer.

Question 18

Why was there more resistance in White Settler Colonies than tropical dependencies?

Answer 18

Because in White Settler colonies there was a much greater presence of white culture and population because Europeans settled in these colonies themselves. Tropical dependencies did not have much resistance because it was too hot and humid for Europeans to live there.

Question 19

Who were the Mau Mau?

Answer 19

They were people who tried to push the white Europeans out by making them as uncomfortable as possible, they were similar to the Boxer Rebellion.

Question 20

Treaty of Lausanne (Turkey)

Answer 20

gave Turkey their independence because League of Nations do not have the ability to enforce their control of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 21

Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)

Answer 21

known as both names

begins a campaign to try to modernize Turkey - feels like religion has held them back.

Question 22

Westernization in Turkey

Answer 22

brings in as many western ideas as possible (changes to 26 letter alphabet, certain Islamic clothing was banned, such as vails, modernized industry)

Question 23

Secularism

Answer 23

government is NO longer run by religion, women could vote.

Question 24

What did Ataturk feel was the biggest obstacle Turkey faced?

Answer 24

The backwardness caused by Islam religion. Believed you have to westernize and take out religion from the government.

Question 25

What did Dinshawi Incident show and how did it inspire Egyptian nationalism?

Answer 25

Dinshawai incident (British while pigeon hunting, accidentally killed civilians in Dinshawi and did NOT apologize) intensified British hatred and want to push them out.

Question 26

Balfour Declaration (Middle East)

Answer 26

a promise that was not met by the British that a Jewish chemist who created a formula for explosives, gave it to the British, they will favor the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Like other promises made by the British, the Jews feel for it.

Question 27

McMahon-Hussein Agreement (Middle East)

Answer 27

ANOTHER promise not kept by British - told Arabs if they rebel against the Ottomans we will establish nations after WW1.

Question 28

Sykes-Picot Agreement (how it repudiates the other two agreements) Middle East

Answer 28

a SECRET agreement the British and French made that they said after the war they are going to take the Ottoman Empire and split it up for themselves.

Question 29

UN Partition Plan (what it said and how Arabs felt about it)

Answer 29

What did it say = they are going to take lands of Palestine and split it up into Jewish and Palestine homelands.

Why do Arabs feel that it is unfair = Jews got more land but the Arabs have a greater population.