AP WORLD MIDTERM Flashcards
What were the Crusades?
Series of holy wars. Purpose was to regain control of Jerusalem (the holy land) from Muslim Turks.
Crusades results
military failure/ world’s greatest failure
Crusades effects
- Europeans start to trade → HUGE changes → Commercial Revolution
- Europe is exposed to things they have never seen and have the DESIRE to begin sharing ideas and trading/ having contact with the outside world (most important)
- LEADS TO RENAISSANCE and closer ties to world ideas
Tang and Song Dynasties
(about, type of govt, religion, what they were known for)
- Came about AFTER a period of chaos
- BOTH able to bring back a period of centralization and stability BECAUSE of the revival of Confucian ideas (everyone has a certain role in society)
- began to take over Vietnam and began to get CHAMPA rice = increase in food supply → increase in population, surplus, efficiency
Golden Age in Song Dynasty
- Tang made foundation
- GUNPOWDER was invented
- Develop a silk industry
- Begin to trade with Indians on an overland route
but then taken over by Mongols
Islam Schism
Sunni = believes successor/caliph should be related to Mohammad
Shia = believes religious leaders should elect successor/caliph
Why was Islam so rapidly spread?
people wanted to be equal, which they were seen as equal under the eyes of Allah if they practiced Muslim. It was also easy to follow and the religion was advanced.
Abbasid (1/2 Islam empires)
SHIA
- Were the golden age
- decentralized because they moved farther east to Baghdad. Also had autonomy (self government)
- Greater tolerance for non-Muslims (can be apart of govt and trade) but they still had to pay jizya
- Women treated UNequally because they took on Persian customs
Abbasid Islam Golden Age
- there were no power struggles
- Got financial ideas
- Great builders, algebra, astronomers (trying to decide where to pray towards Mecca), invented sailing technologies
- Access to resources, encouraged trade, open minded, took on unionism (asking questions), universities, MORE advanced than Europe
Umayyad
SUNNI
- centralized because they were in the middle of everything (Damascus/Syria) and had a bureaucracy.
- Not tolerant of non-Arabs (type of Muslims), but tolerant to others if they paid the jizya (tax on religion).
- Women were treated more equally
Feudalism in Europe
(created after _, about, roles, what it was like, etc)
- Created after fall of Roman Empire designed to get SOME system of order
- Decentralized government with kings as figure heads who don’t have real power
- Different people born into roles → lords, knights and serfs
- Lords own manors and are in contact with BOTH knights and serfs
- Lords give knights land, a place to live in RETURN for protecting the lord (similar to Samurai and Daimyo)
- Peasants receive a plot of land and protection in RETURN for a portion of what they produce for the lord and a number of days of service to the lord
- Manors were self-sufficient so NO TRADE NEEDED
Japanese social structure and the Shogun
Feudal System
- Emperor
- Shogun = actual ruler of Japan
Any power taken away from Daimyo/won was kept for the Shogun himself (centralized power)
Shogun was successful to take away power from Daimyo BUT kept power for HIMSELF instead of giving it to the emperor
Shoguns fit into feudal system
- Daimyo = wealthy landowners
- Samurai = Japanese warriors
- Peasants = were a part of the land and received protection from Daimyo and a strip of land for their crops IN RETURN for having to owe them days of service and a % of profit from their land
Samurai could live on land IF they gave military support to Daimyo
Hindu - Muslim rivalry
(how it came about, new religion, and the effects)
- Hindus make up majority of India
- Muslim tribe came into India from opening (Khyber pass) in mountains → conquered Delhi making it Delhi Sultanate where Hindus were run by the Muslims
- Begin to see conflict, decentralized, divided by religious conflict
Creation of Sikhism which is a syncretism religion (combination of two religions) hoping to break conflict and find a balance between Hinduism and Islam
Sikhism did not help fighting between Muslims and Hindus → BIG dividing force in India is RELIGION
Silk Road and Marco Polo
- Kept extending themselves into Europe after Crusades
- Monitored by Arabs, Muslims or Mongols - important because they provided safety for taxes
- Led to the creation of oversea trade routes because the Silk Road was too costly. New way = Indian Ocean Trade Networks
- Marco Polo = reached China, was trusted by Mongols with Kublai Khan
Mongol Dynasty (women roles, culture in place taken over)
- Took over Song Dynasty (golden age in China)
- Women = EQUAL because the nomadic women had many roles such as trading and herding
- Mongols did NOT assimilate and take on Chinese culture, they tried to separate themselves from Chinese culture as much as they could (burned down buildings and built their own)
Renaissance (causes, most important invention, effects)
- Brought in by CRUSADES
- REBIRTH of learning wide-spread
- Crusades lead to this because Europeans were INTRODUCED TO NEW IDEAS
- Humanism and focusing on questioning and reasoning because of increased curiosity
- Gutenberg’s printing press = becomes most important invention because books become available to ALL PEOPLE so EVERYONE begins to question everything especially RELIGION →
- Leads into REFORMATION from all questionings
Reformation
(causes, Martin Luther and John Calvin)
- Causes = church was too interested in power and too greedy with money.
Tithe = fee followers payed for believing
Indulgences = people “had” to pay money to go to heaven, church was lying and looking for anyway to get more money and power - Martin Luther = 95 Thesis
Attacked corruption and questioned how church operated
Believed the Bible should be vernacular (be in language of the people) so they could read the Bible THEMSELVES to learn the REAL TRUTH
Thrown out of church → creates on Church = Lutheranism
John Calvin and Calvinism = based on idea of predestination
Predestination = God already determined who received salvation BEFORE birth
Pre-Columbian Civilizations (Aztecs, Mayans, Incas)
- Aztecs = CENTRALIZED theocracy (religious laws)
Chinampas (floating gardens)
Technochitlan = Mexico City (20 million people)
Human sacrifice to Huitzilopochi
RELIGION affected them because they thought Cortes was Quetzoquotol (myth of eagle on cactus eating snake) and welcomed him → ended up getting attacked and backfired - Mayans = DECENTRALIZED with city states
Europeans called them Greeks of the New World because of how advanced they were in astronomy, architecture, math (concept of 0), science and writing
Decline unknown - Incas = CENTRALIZED
Terrace farming = ADAPTABILITY to environment with mountains
Domesticate animals such as llamas and alpacas (used their surroundings wisely)
ROADS connected the empire
Muslim Gunpowder Empires (common characteristics, Safavids, Mughals/Mongols, and Ottomans)
Common characteristics =were turkish tribes, advanced warriors in military technology, filled power voids, similar treatment of non-Muslims (jizya, millet, devshirme, janissaries)
Safavids = Shia, Ismal captured Tabriz which started the dynasty. Women were vailed and not treated good from Persian customs
Mughals/Mongols = tolerant
Ottomans = allowed people to openly practice BUT they had janissaries, Devshirme (children recruits) , jizya, slavs (slaves), Dhimmis (respect for people of book)
Battle of Chaldiran
Battle of 2 Muslim Gun Powder Empires
Ottomans (Sunni) VS. Safavids (Shia). BATTLE OF CLASHING POWERS. Ottomans won and stopped Safavid expansion which lead them to declining
Muslim Gunpowder Empires
Akbar vs other successors
Mughal/Mongol’s greatest
AKBAR was VERY RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT - eliminated jizya, encouraged intermarriage, allowed Hindus and others to have government positions. WOMEN = outlawed sati.
OTHERS AFTER AKBAR were not tolerant AT ALL (Shah Jahan = Taj Mahal and Aurangzeb)
Reasons for Indian Ocean Trade
overland trade/Silk Road were TOO EXPENSIVE from all taxes → LOOKING FOR AN ALTERNATIVE
Participants of Indian Ocean Trade and WHY
- India was center of trade due to their spices
- Chinese benefited the most out of everyone because they had the MOST desirable goods
Had Zheng He
Diaspora Communities
group of people who live outside of their home place
lots of assimilation of cultures
Technology advances during Indian Ocean Trade
having technologies such as a compass, triangular sails (maneuverability), lat and long, dhows (bigger ships), junks (Chinese big ships), learning how to PREDICT MONSOON WIND PATTERNS helped tremendously, latin sail (maneuverable without monsoon patterns), rudder to steer ships
These all allow TRADE TO HAPPEN
How Europeans changed the nature of the Indian Ocean Trade
- They don’t have ANYTHING their trade partners WANT so they have to pay tremendous amounts of gold and silver (from New World) to get the items
- Were desperate to trade from lack of technology and knowledge
- Mercantilism motives → rather than having to trade, we should take it over ourselves
- Missionary motives = wanted to use persuasion to convert people
- 3 G’s = god, gold and glory
Silver Trade Effects on EVERYONE (New World, Africa, China, Europe)
New World Effects = resources and wealth stolen by Europeans
Europe = driven by greed, losing wealth from paying a tremendous amount of silver to get their desired items. Want to control the resources rather than trade for them
Africa = native americans were supposed to be cheap source labor BUT a lot of them died from diseases. Got them from Transalatatic Slave Trade
Tribal warfare
Best people were taken away → affected economy
China = gets most of silver because most desirable place to trade with → begins to be corrupt from silver trade (people were becoming greedy) → lock themselves down
Ming China Reaction to Indian Ocean Trade
Trying to isolate to preserve tradition
Had access to new crops from Europe and New World BUT became worried European missionaries were becoming TOO SUCCESSFUL and shut of completely
Tokagawa Seclusion
Christian missionaries were becoming too successful → Shut themselves off
Portugal and Columbus
Columbus was funded by Ferdinand and Isabella from Spain. Portugal was mad that Spain discovered the New World because they made all the headway for Spain (first to find all water route to Asia, etc.)
Colonialism motives
Europeans wanted to control mercantilism so they could receive benefits such as economic and religious
Transatlantic Slave Trade (reason for, affects on Africa)
Europeans way to bring in cheap labor by using African slaves because they were resistant to European diseases from exposures unlike native Americans
Effects on Africa = racism and dehumanization, and back at home → increased tribal warfare, economic loss from strongest men brought to work as slaves in Latin America
Colonialism Effects on Latin America
resources and wealth stolen by Europeans, lost right to self govern, LOSS of native culture, new colonial structure based on by race, exposed to European DISEASES
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of crops, animals and diseases
New World = impacted by diseases from lack of immunity
Old World = benefits the MOST from crops, population increase, better diets, etc.
Enlightment cause
Scientific Revolution = People began to use questioning and reasoning to find the truth
Enlightment - Social Contract Theory
All men are giving some/all freedom to an artificial creation, A GOVERNMENT to protect the people
Enlightment (John Locke and Montesquieu)
Locke = Two Treatises of Government
Men are selfish and only surrender some rights
Montesquieu = 3 separate powers
Legislative, executive and judicial with checks and balances
French Revolution CAUSES (political, social and economic)
Political =
Royal absolutism went against Enlightenment ideas with new forms of governments arising
Social =
3 estates. 3rd Estate never one because the 1st and 2nd estates usually agreed EVEN THOUGH the 3rd Estate made BULK of population
Tennis Court of Oath = 3rd Estate into National Assembly because they are angry about unfair voting patterns
Bastille Day = rumors spark the poor people to break into a political prison to find weapons to protect themselves
Economic =
church stopped giving donations to monarchy because the Edict of Toleration REGRANTED huguenots freedom (which church did not like) after he abolished Edict of Nauntes to appeal Church
FINANCIAL CRISIS = lavish royal spending, royal family lived in luxury
French British Rivalry = wars were expensive
Tax exemptions = rich did NOT have to pay taxes
Poor harvests → food shortage → prices rise → hurts poor
Bourgeoisie in French Revolution
Well educated wealthy group in 3rd Estate. Aware of enlightenment ideas
Reforms in Moderate Stage of French Revolution
Period of optimism things were being reformed
Law of August the 4th = makes EVERYONE pay taxes, ends feudalism
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen = people are born with freedoms but they have to follow the law in order to maintain stability
French Constitution = limited monarchy but king still had some power
Legislative Assembly = power to make laws + power of purse elected by the people
Radical Stage Changes in French Revolution
New constitution by National Assembly = REPUBLIC
National Convention for new ideas
2 groups = Jacobins and Grondists
Robespierre and Reign of Terror Stage in French Revolution
Gave extremists a voice
Robespierre = Law of Suspects = executed any person that exhibited anything from the past
Gets rid of calendar and starts it at year 1
Robespierre got away with these things because of the breaking corruption of France and the people were tolerant because of this
Napoleonic Era (Enlightened Despotism, foreign conflicts)
- Product of French Revolution
- Napoleon is only able to rise due to French Revolutions equality within the military
Enlightened Despotism = Napoleonic Code
- Enlightened part = equality, religious freedom, universal mandatory education
- Despotic (tyrant) side = censorship (no freedom of speech), rigged court system, education for needs of the state (need talented people to serve for them), SLAVERY was reinstated
Could not control Britain because of their navy → economic battle = Continental System = not allowing British to sell their goods in Europe
Russia goes against them and decides to trade with Britain
Invasion in Russia fails
Napoleon legacy = spread of Enlightenment ideas and German nationalism
Latin America Independence and lack of it
- influenced from American Revolution because it taught the Creoles they were not being treated equally, AND the French Revolution (fighting for equality)
- Mestizos = mixed race. Fought with Creoles but realized the Creoles were only doing it for themselves
- Lack of change after independence = There was NO change because the Creoles had narrow interests and were only adamant about gaining power themselves and wanting to change their political equality.
Agriculture Revolution
need for more efficient and effective way of producing goods , they achieved this by making their original 3 field system into a 2 field system
Urbanization and it’s effects
People are not needed on farms anymore → move to cities to work in factories
Negatives = overcrowding, rapid spread of diseases, too many people, not enough jobs, increase in crime, lower class suffers majorly from this
Positives = cultural centers, entertainment → development of theaters, libraries, etc
Postives of Industrial Revolution
- Medical breakthroughs such as smallpox vaccines, needed from the overcrowding and urbanization
- Innovations = constant change and PROGRESS
- Many jobs created from the TEXTILE MILL
Negatives of Industrial Revolution
- Exploitation of lower class from dangerous working conditions
- Child Labor and permanence of status throughout generations
- Family life was torn apart from women AND children working in factories
- Pollution from factories
Capitalism and Adam Smith
Capitalism = private ownership with NO GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN ECONOMY
Adam Smith believed the economy should be by an invisible hand/NO govt involved (laissez faire economics)
- The law of supply and demand should also be inbetween ONLY the buyer and seller
Karl Max
Scientific Socialism
Beliefs
- Always two groups of people → owners and workers / Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
- The Proletariat group is being exploited because they are the ones making the wealth
Temporary Dictatorship of - – - Proletariat = believes they will eventually overthrow
In Marx’s PERFECT WORLD, private ownership is abolished and money is owned COLLECTIVELY until everyone is re-educated to NOT be greedy and to take only what they need
“Each according to his means, each according to their needs”
Imperialism Ties to Industrial Revolution
People wanted to get their hands on raw materials THEMSELVES
Was cheaper and more profitable to own the resources
White Man’s Burden
Imperialism
- Europeans attempt to JUSTIFY their actions by feeling like they have the obligation to civilize colonies to correct and make them better because of their race and superiority
- Feels people are “incapable” of growing due to their race
- Was ethnocentric because they DESTROYED everything that was NOT white culture
- “We are helping you become better” to justify it
French Paternalism in Imperialism
Looking at themselves as the fathers of the colonists and gave them as much French Culture as possible → beneficial for colonists (Africans)
Positives in Imperialism for Natives
- Uniformity = ONE law (British), ONE language (English). Pulled people together
- Infrastructure built = railroads throughout the colonies which was built for British to move resources but ALSO benefited Indian’s by connecting them
- Medical and technological advances - higher life expectancies
- Education = mandatory because Indians needed to be educated in order to help the British - took most talented people
Negatives for Natives in Imperialism
OUTWEIGH THE POSITIVES
Political
- Loss of self government = no decisions for themselves, forced to work for British, payed heavy taxes, were EXPLOITED
Economic
- Natives resources were TAKEN from them
- India was banned from having a Textile Industry so it would not compete with the British
Social
- Racism = Europeans had too much ethnocentrism and thought they had to fix “backwards people”
- Loss of culture = British ended sati (widow burning) even though it was a traditional Hindu culture
- Supercast = Hinduism had a caste system and the British “CREATED” the highest section in the caste system called the SUPERCAST
- Disrespect = Taj Mahal became a place for British weddings
Mongols failed attempt to capture Japan
Their ships were destroyed by winds (kamikaze winds)
Japanese believed they were saved by this Mongol invasion from the gods and believed that meant they were doing the right thing in having a Shogun
Reconquista
In Spain
Strict attitude to non Christians → tremendous intolerance (forced to convert or executed)
Edict of Nautes
Henry the 4th granted a law for Huguenots to have religious freedom
Louis 14 gets pressured from Catholic Church and gets rid of it
Louis 16th makes Edict of Toleration = Huguenots freedom to worship openly –> lose economic donations from church
Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoys were soldiers working for BEIC who made new bullets with animal fat → went against Hindu and Muslims
The British wind up winning the colony and natives lose right to self govern
Reformation and Counter Reformation
Reformers criticizing high church officials for being too interested in money and power → corruption
Pope began to lose followers from people moving into different religions
Pope in Counter Reformation trying to win back power in Counter Reformation by intimidating using an Inquisition and sending out missionaries
