Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STEP Pathology > deck_5375697 > Flashcards

deck_5375697 Flashcards

1
Q

What do soft tissue tumors arise from?

A

not mature cells, but pluripotent stem cells (soft tissue tumors are not that common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are soft tissue tumors typically found?

A

up to 40% can be found on the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the joint tumors?

A

ØGanglion cystØGiant cell tumor of tendon sheathØTenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a ganglion cyst?

A

psuedocyte (because theres no true epithelial lining)arising from the joint capsule or tenden sheath and is considered a myxoid degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is this?

A

Ganglion cyst with the myxoid degeneration (light-blue)treated by excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a tenosynovial giant cell tumor?

A

collective name for a family of benign related tumors including localized neoplasms (aka giant cell tumor of tendon sheath) or diffuse (pigmented villa-nodular synovitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is this?

A

a giant cell tumor of tendon sheath - multinucleated giant cells in a background of histiocytes and cells that resemble synoviocytesthis is the localized type of tenosynovial giant cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What dis?

A

This is the diffuse type of tenosynovial giant cell tumor previously called pigmented villanodular synovitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where doespigmented villanodular synovitis show up most commonly?

A

the knee and causes synovium proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the tumors of adipose?

A

-lipomas-liposarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What dat?

A

lipoma- a benign tumor of fat (most common soft tissue tumor in adults) commonly found on the trunk in older men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can you differentiate lipomas from angiolipomas?

A

most lipomas are mobile, slow growing, and PAINLESS (angiolipomas can have pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What this?

A

Lipoma- complete excision usually curativeremember: mobile, slow growing and PAINLESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a common mutation assoicated with lipomas?

A

55-75% of solitary lipomas have rearrangements of HMGA2/HMGIC at 12q13-15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is this? How to get rid of?

A

liposarcoma with the hallmark ‘lipoblast’ cell (lipid vacuoles that intent the central nucleus)surgery is the mainstay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a liposarcoma?

A

common soft tissue tumor in late adulthood (50-60s) that RECUR LOCALLY AND REPEATEDLY UNLESS ADEQUATELY EXCISEDmost common soft tissue sarcoma of adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are liposarcomas commonly found?

A

DEEP soft tissue of the proximal extremities and in the retroperitoneum (bad!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Immunostains for liposarcomas?

A

MDM2 and CDK4 for molecular testing for 12q13-15 amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the fibrous tumors?

A

-Nodular fasciitis-Myositis Ossificans-Fibromatosis (Superficial and Deep)-Fibrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is nodular fasciitis?

A

a reactive pseudosarcoma consisting of plump fibroblasts that are solitary, RAPIDLY GROWING AND THERE IS A HX OF TRAUMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the classic spot for nodular fasciitis?

A

the subdermal fat, commonly in the arms and antibrazos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Myositis ossificans?

A

a neoplasm distinguished by the presence of metaplastic bone that arises in the proximal extremities after TRAUMA, typically in YOUNG ATHLETESlooks like an osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is superficial fibromatosis?

A

A benign,infiltrative fibroblastic proliferation that causes local deformity common in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What dis?

A

Deep fibromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are deep fibromatoses?

A

large infiltrative masses that occur but do not metastasize in females from teens-30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Deep fibromatoses have an association with what?

A

APC gene or Beta-Catenin, both leading to increased WNT signaling-Gardner’s Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are fibrosacromas?

A

malignant neoplasm of fibroblasts in adults

28
Q

Where are fibrosarcomas commonly found?

A

deep in the thigh or retroperitoneum

29
Q

Where do fibrosarcomas go to?

A

heme spread to the lungs most commonly (25%)local recurrence is common

30
Q

What dis?

A

Fibrosarcomas- patterns vary from resemblin fibromatosis to herringbone patterns to architectural disarray

31
Q

How do fibrosarcomas appear grossly?

A

unencapsulated with necrosis and hemorrhage

32
Q

What are the tumors of muscle?

A

-rhabdomyoma-rhabdomyosarcoma

33
Q

ID

A

rhabdomyoma with ‘spider’ cells

34
Q

What is the most frequent primary tumor of the pediatric heart?

A

rhabdomyomamay cause valvular or cardiac chamber obstruction

35
Q

What is the progression of rhabdomyomas?

A

most spontaneously regress (more of a hamartoma than a true neoplasm)

36
Q

50% of rhabdomyomas are associated with what?

A

tuberous sclerosis -mutations of TSC1 (hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin)

37
Q

ID

A

Rhabdomyosarcomathese eosinophilic inclusions are the hallmark to histo diagnosis= rhabdomyoblasts! (these have sarcomeres and Z bands)

38
Q

What is a rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

a MALIGNANT mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiations

39
Q

What are the subtypes of rhabdomyosarcomas?

A

-alveolar-embryonal-pleomorphic

40
Q

What are the most common soft tissue sarcomas of childreen (under 20 yo)?

A

alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomasthe pediatric forms typically arise in the sinuses, head, neck, and GU tract

41
Q

Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas are in what patient pop?

A

adults

42
Q

What is this?

A

pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma- more common in ADULTS and there are numerous, multinucleated bizarre eosinophilic tumor cells

43
Q

What stains can comfirm a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Myogenin (IHC stain)

44
Q

What is this?

A

alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma- seen in children and kind of looks like lung

45
Q

What is this?

A

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma- seen in children and characterized by soft gray infiltrative mass compound of spindled and round cells in myxoid stroma

46
Q

What is sarcoma botyoides?

A

A variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that develops in the wall of hallow mucosa lined area (nasopharynx and vagina) and form a CAMBLUM layer

47
Q

What mutations are common in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma? Which one has the worst prognosis?

A

t(1,13) and t(2,13)with t(2,13)= worse prognosis

48
Q

What is this?

A

Sarcoma botyoides (variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma)

49
Q

What is this showing?

A

In sarcoma botyoides, you seen a polypoid mass covered by mucosa, with an underlying hypercellular zone of pporly differentiated cells (cambium layer)

50
Q

What are the tumors of smooth muscle?

A

-leiomyoma-leiomyosarcoma

51
Q

What is this?

A

Leiomyoma- a benign tumor of smooth muscle (the most common neoplasm in women)- tend to be positive for estrogen receptorImage:Fascicles of densely eosinophilic spindle cells that often intersect at right angles

52
Q

What causesHereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome?

A

– germ line loss-of-function mutation in the fumerate hydratase (enzyme in Krebs cycle) gene

53
Q

What is this?

A

Leiomyomas arise almostanywhere in the body, sincesmooth muscle is ubiquitous and rarely transform to leiomyosarcoma.

54
Q

What is the most common location for aleiomyomas?

A

Uterus is the most commonsite; the wall of the uterus ismade up of smooth muscle.

55
Q

What is this?

A

Leiomyosarcoma - look at how non-uniform this looks

56
Q

Where are leiomyosarcomas common?

A

Deep soft tissue of the extremities and retroperitoneum (more in women than men)10-20% of soft tisse sarcomasthey are typically painless andcan be large and bulky

57
Q

Whats going on here?

A

Leiomyosarcomametastatic to lung

58
Q

T or F. Sarcomas tend to spread through the bloodstream (hematogenous spread) rather than through the lymphatic system

A

T, so one very characteristic place for them to metastasize to is the lungs, wherethe capillary bed acts as a filter forcirculating tumor cells.Once filtered, some tumor cells are able to grow.

59
Q

Pulmonary metastases are generally multiple, frequently numerous andtend to be larger andmore numerous inthe basal lower lobesbecause of thegradient in pulmonaryarterial blood flow,which goes fromhighest in the bases to lowest in the apices.

A

Pulmonarymetastases are amajor cause ofdeath for patientswith sarcomasof all kinds.

60
Q

What is a synovial sarcoma?

A

A misnomer, this tumor is of uncertain origin and can present in locations that lack synovium, often as painless deep seated masses for several yearsthese represent 10% of all soft tissue sarcomas

61
Q

What is the most common mutation in synovial sarcomas?

A

t(X,18)

62
Q

Facts about synovial sarcomas

A

most common in 20s-40sMETs common to lung and lymph nodesTreatment: aggressive with limb-sparing surgery and often chemo

63
Q

What is this?

A

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma-Malignant high grade waste basket – these tumors don’t fit anywhere and can not be identified based on histology, immunohistochemical profile, ultrastructure or molecular genetics.

64
Q

Dx?

A

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath

65
Q

Dx?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

66
Q

What is this?

A

McCune Albright

67
Q

Dx?

A

radiolucent nidus of osteoid osteoma

STEP Pathology (80 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions