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STEP Pathology > deck_5148818 > Flashcards

deck_5148818 Flashcards

1
Q

UTIs are common among otherwise healthy women, and 75-95% are caused by ______

A

uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)

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2
Q

What is pyuria?

A

the presence of white blood cells (or pus) in urine

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3
Q

What is dysuria?

A

painful urination

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4
Q

What virulence factors do UPEC have that promote infection?

A

-UPEC possess type 1 pili that allow attachment to the urethral mucosa and epithelia of the bladder-LPS-Alpha-hemolysin (molysins or haemolysins are lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by destroying their cell membrane)

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5
Q

What virulence factors promote kidney infection by UPEC?

A

Some UPEC possess a P pilus which allows attachment to kidney cells (70% of pyelonephritic UPEC express P pili)Type I pili are subject to phase variation, and the on-off expression is coordinated with flagella-mediated swimming up the ureter to the kidney

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6
Q

Uncomplicated cystitis occurs in otherwise healthy women. What things promote complicated cystitis?

A

Traditionally thought to only form in males-Pregnant women (suppressed immune system)-Diabetics (High urine glucose content and defective host immune factors predispose to infection. Hyperglycemia causes neutrophil dysfunction by increasing intracellular calcium levels and interfering with actin and, thus, diapedesis and phagocytosis)-Hospital-acquired-Individuals with neurologic (neurogenic bladder) or anatomic problems-Indwelling catheter-Immunosuppression-Multi-drug resistant microbe

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7
Q

When is cystitis more common in men?

A

Overall, cystitis is far more common in females than males (exception: uncircumcised newborn males up to 3 months of age)It is known that there is bacterial colonization of the foreskin during the first 6 months of life that may be an important risk factor for the development of UTIs. Colonization decreases after the first 6 months of life, probably because the foreskin often becomes retractable around that age.

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8
Q

Why is diabetes associated with complicated cystitis?

A

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in diabetics over time. In a mouse model, AGEs enhance the binding of UPEC isolates to the bladder urothelium. Also, diabetes-associated autonomic neuropathy may develop urinary retention and stasis

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A

-Dysuria-Frequent, urgent urination-Suprapubic tenderness-HematuriaAny one symptom predicts 50% of casesDysuria and frequency without vaginal discharge or irritation predicts 90%

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10
Q

Is cystitis associated with fever?

A

NO (fever indicates pyelonephritis)

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11
Q

What would be the differential with a cystitis like presentation?

A

Vaginitis (see discharge)UrethritisStructural abnormalityPainful bladder syndrome

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12
Q

What is ‘recurrent’ cystitis defined as?

A

Two or more infections within six months or three or more in one year

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13
Q

What is ‘relapsed’ cystitis defined as?

A

Considered relapse if it is the SAME microbe and within 2 weeks

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14
Q

How do probiotics deter cystitis?

A

steric hindrance, hydrogen peroxide production,lower pH, andinduce anti-inflammatory cytokines

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15
Q

What microbes are associated with UNcomplicated cystitis?

A

-E. Coli (GNR)-Staph saprophyticus (G+)-Klebsiella, Proteus (GNR)

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16
Q

What microbes are associated with complicated cystitis?

A

-E. Coli (GNR)-Ps. aeruginosa (GNR)-Enterobacter (G+)- Often more common in recurrent b/c they are multi-drug resistant

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17
Q

How is cystitis confirmed by urine microscopy?

A

Elevated WBCs (>10/uL) – absence predicts something other than UTIPresence of RBCs (hematuria rare in urethritis or vaginitis)

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18
Q

How is cystitis confirmed by urine dipstick?

A

-Leukocyte esterase-Nitrate to nitrite

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19
Q

Interpreting urine dipstick

A

Pos leukocyte esterase = bacterialPos nitrite = GNR

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20
Q

Interpreting dipstick urease results

A

Pos urease = Proteus or KlebsiellaNeg urease = E coli, Enterococcus

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21
Q

T or F. Urine cultures are always needed to diagnose cystitis?

A

Only needed for complicated presentation or when resistance is possible

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22
Q

What numbers in a urine culture would be needed to diagnose cystitis?

A

> 1 x 10^5 CFU/mL from clean catch for females; >1 x 10^4 CFU/mL for males>1 x 10^2 CFU/ml from catheterization

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23
Q

Rules for urine culture

A

Urine is sterile, but will become contaminated as it is releasedCapture first morning, clean-catch midstreamStart cultures within 1 hr or refrigerate to avoid growthCulture must be quantitative to confirm infectionUse a 0.001mL calibrated loop to streak a BAP and EMB plate

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24
Q

What if no colonies grow on the EMB plate?

A

Not a Gram negative infectionIf colonies on both plates, likely Gram negative (metallic green= E. Coli)Count colonies to determine concentration

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25
Q

T or F. Nitrofurantoin and B-lactams do not reach reliable concentrations in men

A

T. Not the best for cystitis

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26
Q

What things predispose toward pyelonephritis?

A

Kidney stones. Conversely, Urease-positive bacteria can also lead to production of struvite stonesRecurrent pts should be evaluated for stones

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27
Q

What are some causes of complicated pyelonephritis?

A

Abscesses, emphysematous pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis

28
Q

What is emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN)?

A

A severe infection of the renal parenchyma that causes gas accumulation in the tissues. often has a fulminating course, and can be fatal if not recognized and treated promptly.

29
Q

Patient pop for EPN?

A

Common in persons with diabetes (in one study, 80% of pts were diabetics),

30
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

May or may not include symptoms of cystitisFever (>38C), ChillsFlank painCostovertebral angle tendernessNausea/vomiting

31
Q

DDx for pyelonephritis like presentation?

A

-Pelvic inflammatory disease-Kidney stones

32
Q

Pyelonephritis that presents with hematuria is most likely caused by what?

A

Staph aureus

33
Q

How is pyelonephritis diagnosed?

A

Urinalysis and culture requiredPresence of white blood cell casts indicates upper urinary tract infectionImaging is not usually needed for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritisRecurrent pyelonephritis may require CT imaging for kidney stones

34
Q

Treatment options for pyelonephritis

A

-Fluoroquinolones-TMP-SMX-3rd generation cephalosporins

35
Q

ESBL strain causing pyelonephritis should be treated with what?

A

carbapenem

36
Q

What drugs are not effective in pyelonephritis?

A

Avoid nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin because of inadequate renal tissue concentration

37
Q

What are the common causes of prostatitis in young adults?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

38
Q

What are the common causes of prostatitis in elderly patients?

A

E. coli and other enteric bacteria

39
Q

What are the common causes of prostatitis in due to hematologic seeding?

A

Staph aureus

40
Q

Presentation of acute prostatitis

A

Fever, dysuria, frequent urination, severe pain upon prostate palpationPts may be very ill, even present with sepsis

41
Q

Presentation of chronic prostatitis

A

Dysuria, frequency, urinary hesitancy, pelvic discomfort

42
Q

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

A

Digital rectal exam to reveal tender prostate; urine or blood culture may be negative

43
Q

How is prostatitis treated?

A

Fluoroquinolones or TMP-SMX – achieve high levels in prostate

44
Q

What causes asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

Results from colonization of the bladder

45
Q

How is asymptomatic bacteriuria diagnosed?

A

Presence of pyuria is insufficient for diagnosis – about 50% will lackInstead, diagnosed by quantitative urinalysis:Female: 2 consecutive clean catches of voided urine of >105 CFU/mL of a single organismMale: 1 clean catch of voided urine of >105 CFU/mL of a single organismCatheter: 1 urine specimen > 102 CFU/mL of a single organism

46
Q

In young healthy women, what does asymptomatic bacteriuria correlate with?

A

sexual activityRarely lasts longer than a few weeks

47
Q

What are risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

-Diabetic women-Neurologic/anatomic abnormalities-Indwelling Foley catheters

48
Q

How is asymptomatic bacteriuria treated?

A

No need for screening or treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in most populations. note that bacteria that causes asymptomatic cystitis tend to be less virulent, and have less capacity for hemolysis and pilus expression

49
Q

What populations with asymptomatic bacteriuria should be treated?

A

-Pregnant women-Renal transplant pts (first 3 months following surgery)-Urologic surgery pts where mucosal bleeding is anticipated (eg, prostate resection)

50
Q

What types of contraceptives are linked with increased risk of UTI recurrence?

A

Oral contraceptives are the least, while spermicidal foam and condom use and diaphragm-spermicide use are all correlated with increased recurrence of infection

51
Q

Why are spermicidal foams and gels associated with increased UTI risk?

A

lowers the vaginal pH (changes the microflora of the vagina)

52
Q

Why is diaphragm-spermicide use associated with increased UTI risk?

A

alters the angle of the urethra and the money-shot

53
Q

Increased UTI with age is associated with what?

A

lower estrogen levels

54
Q

T or F. Bacturia is worse in pregnant women compared to the general population

A

T. And ~25% progress to pyelonephritis so it’s important to treat

55
Q

What can pyelonephritis in pregnancy lead to?

A

-premature labor-fetal loss-etc.

56
Q

What are the antibiotics that become most cocnentrated in the kidney (and therefore are good) in pyelonephritis?

A

-Aminoglycosides (good for GNR)-Fluoroquinolones (lots of AEs)-Sulfas

57
Q

What is the receptor for type I fimbriae for adhesion of UPEC in the bladder

A

mannose

58
Q

What is the receptor for P fimbriae for adhesion of UPEC in the bladder

A

globoserin and glycolipid. P receptors are only in the kidney pelvis

59
Q

T or F. UPEC with larger capsules are more virulent

A

T. Prevents phagocytosis

60
Q

Why do UEPC have a-haemolysin?

A

It causes lysis of red cells that releases iron which the bacteria can sequester via siderophores for growth

61
Q

What is the best physiological defense against UT bacterial colonization

A

Urine flow. Washes everything out and promotes epithelial cell turnover lack of flow allows growth and quorum-sensing

62
Q

What are some complications of UTIs?

A

-gram negative sepsis-intrarenal or extrarenal abscess-chronic renal insufficiency-recurrent infection

63
Q

UTIs promote the formation of ___ renal calculi

A

Struvite

64
Q

T or F. Males are typically treated for UTIs longer than women

A

T. 1 week (because prostatitis problems) vs 1-3 days in women due to anatomical differences

65
Q

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in what population?

A

Elderly, usually don’t treat

66
Q

What bugs tend to cause hemorrhagic cystitis in immunocompromised patients?

A

AdenovirusBK virusCMV

67
Q

Why is resistance to nitrofurantoin so low?

A

the drug has multiple targets But it has to be activated endogenously so efflux pumps and lack of activation can occur

STEP Pathology (80 decks)

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