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Winter-Prufungen > deck_4687210 > Flashcards

deck_4687210 Flashcards

1
Q

The _________ of the femur projects superolaterally, while the _________ projects medially.

A

greater trochanter - projects superolaterally;

lesser trochanter - projects medially

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2
Q

The ___ of the femur is most commonly fractured in patient s with osteoporosis.

A

neck

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3
Q

The ______ is a rough line that is on the posterior of the shaft of the femur. It is a site of muscle attachment. It is made up of the lateral lip and the medial lip.

A

linea aspera

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4
Q

Proximally, the lateral lip of the linea aspera expands into -_______. The medial lip of the linea aspera becomes ______?

A

lateral lip –> gluteal tuberosity; medial lip –> pectineal line

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5
Q

Distally, the lateral lip of linea aspera diverges into: _____ and the medial lip diverges into: _______

A

lateral lip –> lateral supracondylar lines;

medial lip –> medial supracondylar lines

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6
Q

What are the structures called that articulate with the tibial plateau of the tibia? What are they separated by?

A
  • Medial and lateral condyles- These are separated by the intercondylar fossa
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7
Q

The ________ is for the insertion of adductor magnus. What does it rest upon?

A

adductor tubercle- rests upon medial epicondyle

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8
Q

______ is where the patellar ligament of the quadriceps tendon inserts
(part of the knee)

A

tibial tuberosity

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9
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

patella

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10
Q

Iliacus is innervated by?

A

femoral nerve

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11
Q

Psoas major is innervated by?

A

lumbar plexus

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12
Q

Origin of iliacus

A

iliac fossa

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13
Q

Origin of psoas major

A

T12-L5 vertebrae

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14
Q

Insertion of iliopsoas

A

lesser trochanter of the femur
(remember iliopsoas technically arises in posterior compartment, but is discussed w/ anterior compartment due to femoral innervation of iliacus)

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15
Q

Fxn of iliopsoas

A

Flex thigh at hip joint
Most powerful flexor of the hip
Has femoral innervation

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16
Q

Psoas sign

A

indicates that patient has irritation to their iliopsoas. Hyperextension of patient’s thigh results in pain.

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17
Q

What are the 4 parts of quadriceps femoris?

A
  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus medialis
  4. Vastus intermedius
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18
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment?

A
  1. sartorius
  2. quadriceps femoris
    * patella is contained in the quadriceps femoris tendon
  3. iliopsoas (technically posterior but often listed as part of anterior)
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19
Q
  • Flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh at hip joint
  • Flex leg at knee joint
  • Origin: ASIS
  • Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia inferior to condyle
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve
A

Sartorius

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20
Q
  • Flex thigh at hip joint
  • Extend leg at knee joint
  • Origin: AIIS
  • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A

function of rectus femoris

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21
Q

Function of vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

A

Extend leg at knee joint

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22
Q

The tendon of quadriceps femoris contains this bone _______

A

patella

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23
Q

After the patella, the tendon of the quadriceps femoris continues as this:

A

patellar ligament

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24
Q

What are the 5 muscles in the medial compartment?

A
  1. pectineus
  2. gracilis
  3. adductor longus
  4. adductor brevis
  5. adductor magnus
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25
Q
  1. Fxn: Flex, adduct thigh at hip joint
  2. Origin: Pectineal line of Pubis
  3. Insertion: Pectineal line of femur
  4. Innervation: femoral nerve
A

Pectineus: fxn, origin, insertion, innervation

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26
Q
  1. Fxn: Adduct thigh at hip joint, flex leg at knee joint, medial rotation of hip
  2. Origin: body of pubis, ischiopubic ramus
  3. Insertion: pes anserinus on anteromedial tibia [ medial aspect of tibia inferior to condyle ]
  4. Innervation: obturator nerve
A

Gracilis: fxn, origin, insertion, innervation

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27
Q
  1. Fxn: Adduct thigh at hip joint
  2. Origin: body of pubis
  3. Insertion: linea aspera
  4. Innervation: obturator nerve
A

adductor longus

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28
Q

adductor magnus (2 portion): fxn, origin, insertion, innervation

A

2 portions of adductor magnus: (1) hamstring portion; (2) adductor portion.

  1. Hamstring portion:
    - Fxn: adduct and weakly EXTENDS thigh at hip jt.
    - Origin: ischial tuberosity
    - Insertion: adductor tubercle
    - Innervation: sciatic nerve
  2. Adductor portion
    - Fxn: adducts and weakly FLEXES thigh at hip jt
    - Origin: ischiopubic ramus
    - Insertion: linea aspera
    - Innervation: Obturator nerve
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29
Q

When the femoral vessels emerge from the adductor hiatus, what are they known as?

A

popliteal vessels

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30
Q

What is the space between the adductor magnus and the femur?

A

adductor hiatus

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31
Q

Where does the quadriceps tendon insert and how?

A

Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

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32
Q

This group of three muscles in the anterior compartment extends the leg at the knee joint. This group originates on the femur and inserts on the tibial tuberosity as the patellar ligament.

A

Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

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33
Q

This muscle originates on AIIS and inserts w/rest of quadriceps muscles. Acts on both the hip and the knee joints.

A

Rectus femoris

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34
Q

The iliopsoas is innervated by _______.

A

femoral nerve
Iliopsoas- strongest hip flexor
Considered part of the anterior compartment b/c it is innervated by femoral nerve

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35
Q

This muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve, but it is located in the medial compartment of the thigh.

Responsible for flexing and adducting the thigh.

A

pectineus

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36
Q

The femoral sheath surrounds only: _____, _____, and _____

A

femoral artery, vein, and canal

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37
Q

NAVEL is used to remember…

A

structures in femoral triangle from LATERAL to MEDIAL

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38
Q

largest connection between deep and superficial venous system occurs at…

A

saphenous opening

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39
Q

How are the deep and superficial venous systems connected?

A

perforating veins

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40
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A
  1. Sartorius
  2. Quadriceps femoris
  3. Pectineus
  4. Iliopsoas
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41
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A
  1. Gracilis
  2. Adductor longus
  3. Adductor brevis
  4. Adductor magnus (adductor portion)
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42
Q

All of the following can be found in the femoral canal EXCEPT:

a. femoral nerve
b. loop of ileum
c. extraperitoneal fat
d. deep inguinal node

A

a. femoral nerve
b/c femoral nerve lies lateral to femoral artery (and therefore lateral to femoral canal) NAVEL.

  • Femoral canal does contain lymphatics
  • Could contain loop of ileum or extraperitoneal fat –> femoral hernia
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43
Q

As the great saphenous vein travels superiorly, it passes _______ to medial malleolus and _____ to medial femoral epicondyle.

A

anterior to medial malleolus

posterior to medial femoral epicondyle

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44
Q

The neck of the femur is most directly supplied by:

a. perforating arteries
b. lateral circumflex femoral artery
c. superficial femoral artery

A

b. lateral circumflex femoral artery

branch of deep femoral artery –> also gives off perforating arteries –> these supply posterior thigh

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45
Q

What does the superficial femoral artery supply?

A
  • Superficial femoral artery = femoral artery distal to the deep femoral artery
  • Gives off muscular branches and 1 branch to the knee
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46
Q

Anterior compartment muscles do this function:

A
  • Flex hip

- Extend leg at knee joint

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47
Q

Medial compartment muscles do this:

A

-Adduct hip

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48
Q

Posterior compartment muscles do this:

A
  • Extend hip

- Flex leg at knee joint

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49
Q

This, which is on the posterior femur, is the site of attachment for several thigh muscles, including the adductor magnus and the biceps femoris.

A

linea aspera

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50
Q

This, which is on the anterior femur, is the attachment for the anterior part of the hip joint capsule

A

intertrochanteric line

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51
Q

This is the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur.

A

fovea capitis

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52
Q

This is the large prominence that serves as a site of attachment for multiple muscles. it projects superolaterally.

A

greater trochanter

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53
Q

this is the site of attachment of the quadratus ffemorus muscle

A

Quadrate tubercle

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54
Q

this is one of the insertion sites for the gluteus maximus muscle

A

gluteal tuberosity

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55
Q

this is the part of the pelvis that articulates with the femur. is made up of the ilium (superiorly), ischium (posteriorly), and pubis (anteriorly).

A

os coxa

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56
Q

Where do the ilium, ischium, and pubis meet? Also known as the socket of the hip joint.

A

acetabulum

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57
Q

What are the most important landmarks of gluteal region?

A
  • ischial spine
  • ischial tuberosity
  • PSIS
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58
Q

What are the three lines called that define where the gluteal muscles arise?

A

3 gluteal lines:
Posterior
Anterior
Inferior

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59
Q

Gluteus maximus arises _______ (anterior/posterior) to the posterior line and also on the sacrotuberous ligament.

A

posterior

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60
Q

Gluteus medius arises _______ (ant/post/between) the anterior and posterior gluteal lines

A

between

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61
Q

Gluteus minimus arises between the ____ and ____ gluteal lines.

A

Anterior and Inferior

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62
Q

The joint between the femoral head in the acetabulum reprsents the: ______

A

hip joint

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63
Q

The ligaments of the ____ are designed to prevent hyperextension of the femur on the pelvis.

A

hip joint. While standing, you can be in slight extension on the hip joints without using hip flexor muscles to prevent yourself from falling backward. The ligaments tighten with extension.

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64
Q

The anterior ligament of the hip joint is called the _______.

A

iliofemoral ligament, also called the Y ligament.

It is the strongest ligament of the hip joint!

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65
Q

Hip dislocations tend to be posterior because the _____ ligaments are weakest.

A

posterior

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66
Q

The ring of fibrocartilage in the acetabulum is called the…

A

acetabular labrum. The labrum deepens the fossa.

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67
Q

The ligament that extends from the pelvis into the fovea of the head of the femur is called the…

A

ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres). It carries a small blood vessel (artery of the head of the femur).

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68
Q

Normal angle of the neck of the femur relative to the shaft

A

120-135degrees.

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69
Q

coxa vara is if the angle is _____

A

smaller than 120

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70
Q

cox valga is if the angle is ___

A

greater than 135

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71
Q

Shenton’s line is a way to test for:

A

alignment of the hip structures. This line should appear like a smooth arch.

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72
Q

If the neck of the femur is fractured, the stronger muscles take over, resulting in an _____-rotated and ____-displaced leg.

A

externally rotated, superiorly displaced

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73
Q

Cartilage is ______ (shows greater transparency) on x-rays, so you can see the joint space. In the case of osteoarthritis, you cannot see the joint space.

A

radiolucent

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74
Q

The tensor fasciae latae muscle and the gluteus maximus muscle both insert into ______ on the lateral thigh

A

iliotibial band. The 2 muscles exert opposing forces on the IT band.

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75
Q

This muscle extends and externally rotates the thigh, and is especially active in extension against gravity (getting up from a chair, climbing stairs).

It originates POSTERIOR to the posterior gluteal line and from the sacrotuberous ligament.

A

Gluteus maximus

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76
Q

_____ (superficial or deep) to the Gluteus maximus, there are muscles that are mainly abductors and external rotators of the thigh.

A

Deep

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77
Q

Fan shaped muscle that originates from the ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter.

Specifically originates between the POSTERIOR and ANTERIOR gluteal lines

It functions as an abductor of the thigh and may participate in rotation (depending on if hip is flexed or extended, and if the anterior or posterior fibers are activated).

-It is a quite weak rotator.

A

Gluteus medius (it is deep to gluteus maximus)

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78
Q

This muscle is deep to gluteus medius, and superior gluteal vessels and nerve travel between these two muscles (gluteus medius and ______).
It is mostly an abductor; quite a weak rotator.

Originates between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

A

gluteus minimus

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79
Q

_______ is inferior to gluteus medius.
Origin: Anterior part of sacrum
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Sacral plexus
Function: Laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint

A

Piriformis muscle

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80
Q

These muscles are also inferior to gluteus medius. They surround the obturator internus muscle tendon.
Origin: Lesser sciatic notch
Insertion: trochanteric fossa
Innervation: Sacral plexus
Function: Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

A

Superior and inferior gemelli

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81
Q

This muscle is even further inferior than the gemelli muscles.
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: quadrate tubercle
Innervation: Sacral plexus
Function: Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

A

Quadratus femoris

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82
Q

The large bursa between the gluteus maximus muscle and the greater trochanter is called ________. It can become inflamed and painful.

A

Trochanteric bursa

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83
Q

The ______ ________ is the origin for 3 of the 4 hamstring muscles.

A

Ischial tuberosity

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84
Q

The obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris, piriformis, gluteus maximus m. are all involved in:

a. internal rotation
b. external rotation

A

External rotation

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85
Q

Gluteus medius and maximus….

A
  • Abducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint

- Stabilizes the pelvis when standing on 1 leg

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86
Q

Gluteus maximus and TFL are involved in _____ by tensing the iliotibial tract. The abductor muscles (gluteus medius and minimus) are also involved in ______.

A

Balance (simultaneous activation of several muscle groups).

87
Q

This is a method of testing strength of the gluteus medius/minimus muscles and the stability of the hip joint. Involves examining level of pelvis when lifting 1 foot off the ground. Example: when lifting the L leg, if the R gluteus medius muscle is weak, the pelvis will drop on the left. Usually it will contract to prevent the left side of the pelvis from dropping.

A

Trendelenburg test
+ Test: when the pelvis drops on the side that the leg is lifted from the floor. Why? If the hip itself is unstable or if the gluteal muscles are weak on that side.
+ for: Femoral head dislocation, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus rupture or weakness, superior gluteal nerve damage.

Tells us that the gluteus m.m. on the SUPPORTED side are not working.

88
Q

Posterior thigh muscles are called….

A

hamstrings

89
Q

What side of the posterior thigh are semimembranousus and semitendonosus on?

  • Lateral or
  • Medial
A

Medial side of the posterior thigh

90
Q

Biceps femoris (long and short heads) is on which side of the thigh?

A

Lateral side

91
Q

Except for ___ ____ of the biceps femoris, all of the hamstring muscles originate from where?

A

except for short head of biceps femoris, all hamstring muscles originate at the ischial tuberosity.

The short head originates on linea aspera.

92
Q

Short head of biceps femoris is supplied by which nerve, while the other three hamstring muscles are supplied by the TIBIAL nerve?

A

common fibular nerve portion of the sciatic nerve

93
Q

The iliotibial band inserts on the lateral tibial plateau at __________. The distal end of the iliotibial band passes over the ___ ____ ____ where it can be irritated by knee flexion (IT band syndrome).

A

Gerty’s tubercle

lateral femoral condyle

94
Q

The biceps femoris inserts on the ____ ______

A

fibular head

95
Q

The semimembranosus muscle inserts on the _____ ____ ____.

A

medial tibial plateau

96
Q

The _____, _____ , and ______ (three other long tendons) insert on the anteromedial tibia. This insertion is fan shaped and reminded someone of the foot of a goose. Insertion site: pes anserine

A

semitendonosus muscle
gracilis muscle
sartorius

97
Q

Superior gluteal nerve artery and vein travel superior to _______ (muscle). They travel through the suprapiriform foramen.

A

piriformis muscle

98
Q

The inferior gluteal vessels, pudendal nerve, internal pudendal artery and vein, sciatic nerve, and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve all exit _____ (sup/inf) to piriformis.

A

Inferior

99
Q

Most of the time, the sciatic nerve passes ____ (sup/inf) to piriformis.

A

inferior. But there can be a lot of variations in the fibular portion - it can travel inferior, superior, or through the piriformis muscle.

100
Q

Must avoid which 2 nerves when giving an intramuscular injection

A

Sciatic nerve

Superior gluteal nerve

101
Q

Where does the blood supply of the posterior thigh arise from?

A

Perforating branches of the deep femoral artery, which penetrates insertion of adductor magnus

102
Q

Posterior aspect of the hip joint has an anastomosis between some of the perforating branches of ______ and branches of the medial and lateral femoral circumflex vessels and the _____ ______ vessels. What is this anastomosis called?

A

Cruciate anastomosis
Anastomosis between: perforating branches of deep femoral artery, branches of medial and lateral femoral circumflex vessels, and the inferior gluteal vessels.

103
Q

Hip joint is primary supplied by what?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries (branches of deep femoral artery). MEDIAL circumflex is considered the major source.

104
Q

The femoral head receives blood supply from which 2 sources:

A
  1. Medial and lateral circumflex arteries (branches of deep femoral artery)
  2. Artery of the head of the femur
105
Q

Head of the femur in a child is entirely dependent on blood flow through the…

A

artery of the head. This is because the epiphyseal plates haven’t yet closed.

  • So the child cannot get blood flow from the neck of the femur, through the medial/lateral circumflex arteries. If the artery of the head of the femur isn’t enough or is damaged –> avascular necrosis.
  • In older people, if the neck of the femur fractures, the artery of the head is also insufficient.
106
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur enters at the…

A

fovea capitis

107
Q

Which is not a site of attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle?

a. iliac crest
b. gluteal tuberosity
c. sacrotuberous ligament
d. iliotibial band

A

iliac crest

108
Q

anterior thigh dermatome distribution

A

L2/L3

109
Q

lateral to the knee, lateral leg

A

L5

110
Q

middle of the posterior thigh

A

S1/S2

111
Q

around the anus

A

S3/S4/S5

112
Q

Anterior compartment muscles do this:

A

knee extensors and hip flexors
Innervated by: femoral nerve
A-KEHFF
(King Edward Has Fun Flipping Anteriorly)

113
Q

Medial compartment muscles do this:

A

Hip adductors

HAM (hip adductors - Medial)

114
Q

Posterior compartment muscles do this:

A

Knee flexors and hip extensors:

KFHE (King Frederick Has Elephants - Posteriorly)

115
Q
  1. Fxn: adduct thigh at hip joint
  2. Origin: body of pubis + inferior ramus of pubis
  3. Insertion: linea aspera
  4. Innervation: obturator nerve
A

adductor brevis

116
Q

Where does the superior gluteal vein, artery, and nerve travel?

A

Superior to piriformis

Sandwiched btw. gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

117
Q

This place is where the saphenous vein gives rise to the femoral vein.

A

Saphenous hiatus.

118
Q

Gluteus medius is located _____ to piriformis.

A

posterior

119
Q

The medial collateral ligament of the knee is connected to which other structure?

A

medial meniscus

120
Q

This artery supplies blood to the head and neck of the femur, and does not have an anastomosis with distal vessels.

A

median circumflex artery

121
Q

This artery arises from the profunda femoris. It has a descending branch that is sent down to the knee.

A

lateral femoral circumflex artery

122
Q

Gluteus maximus is innervated by _____.

A

inferior gluteal nerve.

123
Q

Gluteus minimus is innervated by _____

A

superior gluteal nerve

124
Q

If there is a fracture of the greater trochanter, which will still have normal function:

a. gluteus maximus
b. gluteus minimus

A

gluteus maximus. Insertion points: gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract.

125
Q

The apex of the femoral triangle occurs at the junction of:

A

adductor longus and sartorius (called butcher’s block injury if you get a cut here). very dangerous!!!

126
Q

This is a diamond shaped area in the posterior thigh. Its borders:

  • Bordered medially by: semimembranosus and semitendonosus
  • Bordered laterally by: biceps femoris
  • Bordered in the posterior leg by: 2 heads of the gastrocnemius.

It contains: popliteal artery and vein(s), tibial and common fibular nerves, fat and lymph nodes.

A

popliteal fossa

127
Q

3 bones of the knee

A

Femur
Tibia
Patella
*Note: Fibula is NOT part of the knee joint, doesn’t bear any weight!

128
Q

Difference between radius/ulna and fibula/tibia combination

A

No motion between fibula and tibia.

Fibula doesn’t bear any weight.

129
Q

What are the 2 fibrocartilage menisci?

A
  • Lateral meniscus

- medial meniscus

130
Q

This is a synovial joint between the femur and tibia; includes articular between the patella (kneecap) and femur, all enclosed within a single joint capsule. Basically a hinge joint.

A

Knee joint

131
Q

There are two fibrocartilagenous ______ within the joint, interposed between condylar articular surfaces of femur and tibia.
-Purpose: cushion the joint, provide great surface area of articulation

A

menisci - there is a lateral meniscus and a medial meniscus.

132
Q

Upon extension of the knee, there is ____ area of contact between femoral articular surface and menisci. Collateral ligaments are ____ (looser/tighter) than when the knee is flexed.

A

Greater area of contact

Tighter ligaments

133
Q

The medial meniscus is attached to the _____ collateral ligament.

A

Medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament

134
Q

The lateral meniscus is separated from the fibular collateral ligament by the: intervening _____ of the _____ muscle. So, the lateral meniscus is more mobile than the medial meniscus, b/c the lateral meniscus is unattached to the capsule of the joint.

A

By the intervening tendon of the popliteus tendon

135
Q

Knee joint is reinforced on either side by _____ ligaments (one on either side of the joint)

A

collateral ligaments - tibial collateral ligament and fibular collateral ligament.

136
Q

Two very strong ligaments interconnect adjacent ends of the femur and tibia and maintain their opposed positions during movement. These are called: ____ ligaments.

  • They prevent anterior and posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur. These ligaments are not inside the synovial cavity, but are inside the joint capsule.
  • During full extension, they remain taut and are maximally tight.
A

cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior)

137
Q

The patella articulates with the femur, but not the: ____

A

tibia

138
Q

When the knee joint is fully extended, the ___ rotates slightly medially on the tibia to _____ the knee.

A

femur rotates medially to LOCK the knee. Creating a more stable position due to shape of femoral articular surface.s

139
Q

Before flexion begins, this muscle (_____) must contract to unlock the knee by rotating the femur ____ on the tibia.

A

Popliteus must contract –> unlocks the knee –> rotates the femur LATERALLY

140
Q

There is _____________ between tibia and fibula.

A

interosseus membrane

141
Q

Is the fibula lateral or medial?

A

Lateral

142
Q

The leg is divided by the: (1) _____, (2)_____, (3)_____, and (4) two fibrous septa into ANTERIOR, LATERAL, and POSTERIOR compartments.

A

tibia
fibula
interosseus membrane

143
Q

The muscles of each compartment are innervated by:

a) different nerves
b) same nerve

A

different nerves

144
Q

How is the posterior compartment of the leg subdivided?

A

It is subdivided by the transverse intermuscular septum into superficial and deep portions.

145
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the knee/lower leg? Innervation?

A

They dorsiflex and invert the foot and extend the toes.

Innervated by: deep fibular nerve

146
Q

Where is the only cutaneous innervation of the deep fibular nerve?

A

web space between the big and second toes.

147
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the knee/lower leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

148
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Evert the foot

149
Q

Innervation of muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg. What does it cutaneously innervate?

A

Superficial fibular nerve.

- Cutaneous innervation: lateral side and dorsum of the foot.

150
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the foot?

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

151
Q

The fibularis longus tendon passes ____, then ______ to the fibularis brevis tendon to pass across the plantar foot to insert on medial cuneiform b one and base of first metatarsal.

A

laterally, then inferiorly

152
Q

What are the muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg? (3)

A
  1. Gastronemius (leads to Calcaneal/Achilles tendon)
  2. Plantaris
  3. Soleus
153
Q

Where do the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius originate from, and where do they insert?

A

Origin: medial and lateral femoral condyles.
Insertion: on calcaneus

154
Q

Fxn of muscles in the superficial group of the deep compartment of the leg

A

Plantarflex the foot
Flex the knee
(NOT soleus)

155
Q

What are the muscles in the deep posterior compartment of the leg? (4)

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Tibialis posterior
  3. Flexor digitorum longus
  4. Flexor hallucis longus
156
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum longus originate?

A

Tibia

157
Q

Where does the tibialis posterior originate?

A

Tibia and Fibula and interosseus membrane between them

158
Q

Where does the flexor hallucis longus originate?

A

Fibula and interosseus membrane

159
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the deep group (posterior compartmenet of the leg) except for popliteus?

A

Plantarflex the foot
Invert the foot
Flex the toes

160
Q

What is the innervation of all the muscles of the posterior compartment and the plantar foot?

A

Tibial nerve or its branches

161
Q

The tibial nerve and common fibular (peroneal) nerves are both components of this nerve: ____ _____. They pass through the ____ _____.

A

sciatic nerve.

The tibial nerve and common fibular nerve pass through the popliteal fossa.

162
Q

The tibial nerve accompanies the ____ ____ artery inferiorly

A

posterior tibial artery

163
Q

The common fibular nerve travels laterally to pass subcutaneously around the neck of the fibula before branching into superficial and deep _____ nerves

A

fibular

164
Q

The ____ nerve (sensory nerve) receives fibers from both tibial and fibular nerves.

A

sural nerve

165
Q

This nerve passes posterior to the lateral malleolus on its way to the lateral foot.

A

sural

166
Q

This nerve innervates the lateral compartment muscles of the leg.

A

superficial fibular nerve

167
Q

This nerve innervates the anterior compartment muscles of the leg.

A

deep fibular nerve

168
Q

The _____ artery changes its name to the popliteal artery when it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle.

A

femoral artery –> popliteal

169
Q

How does the popliteal artery end (2 branches)?

A
  1. Anterior tibial artery

2. Posterior tibial artery

170
Q

The fibular artery is a branch of which artery?

A

posterior tibial artery

171
Q

The anterior tibial artery passes anteriorly through an opening in the interosseus membrane between tibia and fibula bones. It enters and supplies the anterior compartment. It descends across the anterior ankle and onto the dorsum of the foot as the ___ ______ artery.

A

Anterior tibial artery –> dorsalis pedis artery

172
Q

Posterior tibial artery passes ____ to interosseus membrane, -_____ to medial malleolus and into the sole of the foot.

A

posterior

posterior

173
Q

Fibular artery descends along the ____ border of the fibula, where some branches perforate the interosseus membrane to supply the lateral leg compartment.

A

medial border of the fibular

174
Q

The anterior tibial artery also supplies some blood to the ____ compartment.

A

lateral

175
Q

What are the 2 large superficial veins in the subctaneous tissue of the legs?

A
  1. Great saphenous vein

2. short (small) saphenous vein

176
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein begin?

A

Lateral venous arch of the foot
Passes POSTERIOR to lateral malleolus
Ascends in posterior leg alongside the sural nerve –> then pierces the deep fascia to drain into the popliteal vein.

177
Q

Which lymph nodes are the first filters in the lymphatic drainage of the leg?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

178
Q

Which muscle helps pump blood back to the heart at a pressure higher than systolic pressure?

A

Soleus muscle

179
Q

The body’s line of gravity passes:
____ to the hip joint
____ to the knee joint
____ to the ankle joint

A

posterior to the hip joint
anterior to the knee joint
This allows for full passive extension of both joints w/o muscular effort.

Anterior to ankle joint. –> so we require continuous contraction of soleus muscle to plantarflex the foot to prevent falling forward.

180
Q

What are the 6 structures that pass posterior to the medial malleolus and cross the ankle to enter the plantar foot?

A 
Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry TDAVNH
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
181
Q

What supplies the main blood supply to the leg and foot?

A

popliteal artery

182
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein originate and pass?

A
  • Originates from DORSAL venous arch of the foot
  • Passes ANTERIOR to medial malleolus
  • Ascends up the medial aspect of the leg and thigh
  • Drains into the FEMORAL vein at the saphenous opening in the groin.
183
Q

The great saphenous vein is accompanied by which nerve?

A

Saphenous nerve - cutaneous branch of femoral nerve, innervating medial side of leg and foot

184
Q

How are the superficial veins in the leg connected to the deep veins?

A

via perforating veins

185
Q

The bones that make up the ankle and foot are composed of:

A

7 tarsal bones with metatarsals and phalanges analogous to the hand.

186
Q

What are the three bones contained by the ankle? What type of joint is the ankle?

A

tibia
fibula
talus

  • Ankle is a hinge joint because the distal ends of tibia and fibula form a mortise into which the trochlea of the talus fits.
  • Creates movement in 1 plane (plantarflexion and dorsiflexion)
187
Q

What is the ankle joint strengthened by?

A

Lateral and medial (deltoid) ligaments

188
Q

The trochlea of the talus is wider _____ (ant/posteriorly). This allows the ankle joint to be more stable in _____flexion (dorsi vs. plantar).

A

Wider anteriorly

More stable in dorsiflexion (trochlea will be more tightly wedged between the malleoli)

189
Q

Where does inversion and eversion of the foot occur?

A

At more distal joints.

  • One betewen talus and calcaneus (subtalar joint)
  • Others between tarsal and metatarsal bones
190
Q

How many parts are there to the deltoid ligament, and what does it support?

A

4 parts

Supports medial ankle

191
Q

What ist he ligament that is most common injured in an inversion sprain of the ankle?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament.

192
Q

The shapes of the bones of the foot form both _____ and ___ arches. These arches absorb ____ (up/downward) forces.

A

longitudinal
transverse arches

Absorb downward forces.

193
Q

How is the longitudinal arch of the foot supported?

A
  1. Plantar calcaneonavicular “spring” ligament

2. Plantar aponeurosis

194
Q

How is the transverse arch formed?

A

By bones held together by multiple ligaments. Forms a slight that supports the arches of the foot.

  • Fibularis longus tendon passes across the foot from lateral –> medial, inferior to tarsal and metatarsal bones; inserts on medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
  • Tendons of tibialis anterior and posterior also support.
195
Q

Which 2 bones articulate at the knee?

a) femur and patella
b) tibia and patella
c) fibula and femur
d) patella and fibula

A

Femur and patella

There is a tendon between tibia and patella…but they do not directly articulate.

196
Q

Upon knee extension, the collateral ligaments ___ (loosen or tighten) and there is ______ (more or less) contact area between the femoral condyles and menisci.

A

Tighten
More contact area
Knee joint is more stable when extended.

197
Q

If someone hits the outside of your knee while your knee is planted, what ligament is most at risk?

  • ACL
  • PCL
  • LCL
  • MCL
A

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) because the knee is suddenly forced MEDIALLY.

198
Q

Injuries of the ____ cruciate ligament result from hyperextension

A

anterior cruciate ligament

199
Q

Injuries of the PCL result from:

A

if the knee is struck while flexed.

200
Q

The joint capsule covers the entire knee joint (ACL, PCL, femur, tibia, patella). The synovial membrane encloses the articular surface between femur and tibia, but not the ___ or ___.

A

ACL or PCL

201
Q

The PCL prevents posterior displacement of the _____ in relation to the femur.

A

TIBIA

202
Q

Match the nerves with the compartments of the KNEE

  1. anterior compartment….
  2. lateral compartment….
  3. posterior compartment ….

A. deep fibular nerve
B. tibial nerve
C. superficial fibular nerve

A

Anterior - deep fibular nerve
Lateral - sup fibular nerve
Posterior - tibial nerve

203
Q

Deep posterior compartment muscles do this:

A
  • Inversion of feet
  • Plantarflexion of feet
  • Flex toes.
204
Q

Superficial posterior compartment muscles do this:

A
  • Plantarflexion of the foot
  • Knee flexion
  • But soleus does not do these actions!
205
Q

____ nerve provides sensation to lateral foot and 5th toe. This nerve is on the posterior leg.

A

Sural

206
Q

The popliteal artery first bifurcates into ____ and _____ ____ arteries.

A

anterior and posterior tibial arteries

207
Q

The posterior tibial artery sends off a _____ branch.

A

fibular

208
Q

The anterior tibial artery passes into anterior compartment through an opening in the _____ membrane.

A

interosseus

209
Q

The veins in the lower leg allow the blood to flow proximally and from ____ to ____systems.

A

superficial to deep

210
Q

Small saphenous vein drains into the _____ vein in the popliteal fossa.

A

popliteal

211
Q 
What is the order (anterior to posterior) of what goes posterior to medial malleolus?
Options:
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Tibial nerve
- Posterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial vein
A

Ant to Post:

  1. Tibialis posterior muscle
  2. Flexor digitorum longus
  3. Posterior tibial artery
  4. Posterior tibial vein
  5. Tibial nerve
  6. Flexor hallucis longus
212
Q

Branch of the femoral nerve that provides cutaneous innervation to medial leg and foot

A

Saphenous nerve

213
Q

The ligaments that support the ankle joint are stronger on which side - medial or lateral - so which type of sprains are LESS likely to occur (inversion vs. eversion)

A

Stronger medially

Eversion sprains less likely, b/c ankle joint allows LESS eversion to take place.

Winter-Prufungen (11 decks)

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