deck_15662833 Flashcards
a dog has spastic paralysis where do you localize the lesion (Upper or Lower)
UMN
a dog has weakness, flaccid paralysis, decreased segmental reflexes and muscle atrophy
lower motor neuron paresis
why do muscles atrophy in UMN paresis
late and mild disuse
you see an exaggerated response to pinching the toes on the front feet
upper motor neuron lesion C6-T2
what are the 5 steps to progressive spinal cord injury c/s
- pain 2. proprioceptive deficits, 3. unable to stand 4. paralysis 5. loss of deep pain
you pinch a dog with hemostats on the toes of the pelvic limb and there is no response what are the afferent and efferent nerves
tibial and peronal branches of the sciatic and saphenous branch of femoral nerve , L4 - S2
what is the localization of polyradiculopathy and polyneuropathy
LMN
dog has short strides in the front and stiff delayed protraction in the back
C6-T2
you hemostat a dog perineum with no response
pudendal nerve S1 - Cd5
differentials for neurologic signs that are suggestive of brain disease that are bilateral and symmetric
toxicicty (lead poison, metronidazole toxicity)
hepatic or uremic encephalopathy
degenerative (storage disease)
anomalous (congenital hydrocephalus or cerebellar hypoplasia)
what are some brain localized lesions that present focal signs
meningoencephalitis
neoplasia
cerebrovascular disease
trauma
what are some lesions that present multifocally
meningoencephalitis
neoplasia
compulsive circling, large dome skull, persistent fontanell, wide eyes down and out eye placement, head pressing, inappropriate vocalization, blindness, seizures
hydrocephalus - excess CSF (either from obstruction which is more common OR too much is made) congenital (toy small breed brachy) or acquired (tumors, infections, toxins)
managed not cured: steroids, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole (reduce CSF) theres a surgery shunting, and furosemide
what is the difference between focal seizures and generalized
focal - 1 part of brain: pet is consious and experiences activity in a single body part
generalized: entire brain convulsing and lose consiousness
what can cause reactive seizures
problem outside of brain: metabolic disturbances (low sugar low calcium liver or kidney)
what is the most common type of seizure in dogs
idiopathic (not the same in cats)
how to diagnose internal (in the brain) seizures
MRI (maybe CSF tap)
Altered mentation/behaviour, bumping into things, loss of training, circling, seizures, postural reaction deficits, absent/reduced menace, absent/reduced nasal septum sensation, vertical nystagmus
where do you localize it and what are some differentials
- thalamocortex (brain - prosencephalon and cerebrum) that do thinking, learning, managing and acting on inputs
differentials:
- hydrocephalus
- quadrigeminal cyst
- lissencephaly
- storage disorders
- toxins
- hypoglycemia
- hepatic encephalopathy
- infectious meningioenceph
what do you treat a dog with hypothyroid
levothyroxine
cat on fish diet
thiamine or taurine deficiency might cause
procephalon and cerebrum signs
Altered mentation/behaviour, bumping into things, loss of training, circling, seizures, postural reaction deficits, absent/reduced menace, absent/reduced nasal septum sensation, vertical nystagmus
what is a cause for kitten with tremors
in utero infection with feline panleukopenia virus —> cerebellar disease
postural reaction deficits, intention tremors, dysmetria, hypermetria, ipsilateral blindness, contralateral head tilt, opisthotonos
test: you offer it food and it gets tremors
cerebellum damage (coordination)
Hypoplasia, abiotrophy, neuroaxonal dystrophy, Chiari-like malformation, intra-arachnoid cyst, storage diseases, thiamine deficiency, infectious diseases (FIP, toxo/neospora, distemper, RMSF, Ehrlichiosis, mycotic, canine herpes, parasite migration), inflammatory, neoplasia, cerebrovascular accidents, toxicity (metronidazole, lead, drugs)
–> cause what
some things that cause cerebellar disease
brain stem:
function:
test:
what happens when its busted:
why / differentials:
Nerve: Brain stem (central vestibular system, pons/medulla)
Function: regulation of motor function, level of wakefulness, respiration, cardiovascular regulation, balance
Test: History, distance exam, oculocephalic reflex
Busted: Postural reaction deficits, altered mentation, vertical nystagmus, any other type of nystagmus, other CN deficits, nystagmus that changes with head position, head tilt, vestibular ataxia, strabismus
Why: Hypothyroid, storage disease, Infectious (bacterial (intracranial otogenic abscess), protozoal, fungal, parasitic, viral (FI, distemper, rabies)), inflammatory, neoplasia, thiamine deficiency, toxicity (metronidazole), vascular
Postural reaction deficits, altered mentation, vertical nystagmus, any other type of nystagmus, other CN deficits, nystagmus that changes with head position, head tilt, vestibular ataxia, strabismus
brain stem (central vestibular system –> pons/medulla)
wobbly drunken walk in a dog
vestibular disease
what are causes of peripheral vestibular disease (i.e. disease of the inner ear the the nerves)
inner ear infecetions
ear tumors polyps
hypothyroid
head / ear injuries
idiopathic / old dog vestibular syndrome
what is the central vestibular system and what are some common causes of disease
back part of the brain (medulla oblongata and cerebellum)
- brain tumors
- strokes
- inflamation
- infection
- metronizadole toxicity
what are c/s found in peripheral and central vestibular disease
… which one is easier to treat
ataxia, strabismus, head tild, nystagmus
peripheral is easier to treat
vertical nystagmus, wide based stance, truncal sway, hypermetria, postural rxn deficits
central vestibular disease (i.e. medulla and cerebullam)
what is chiari-like disease and where does it localize
cerebellum
Chiari-like malformation (CM) is abnormal bone growth inside the back of the skull. This puts pressure on the brain and disrupts the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which can result in syringomyelia (fluid-filled cyst) formation within the spinal cord.
These conditions are generally rare, but toy breeds are overrepresented, especially Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Brussels Griffons. In fact, CM and SM should be disclosed as top Cavalier King Charles Spaniel health issues, as virtually all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels have Chiari-like malformation to some degree. However, it is important to note that not all dogs with one or both conditions will show symptoms.
Typically, symptoms become apparent once Chiari-like malformation results in syringomyelia. The most obvious symptom of syringomyelia is neuropathic pain or abnormal processing of sensory input by the nervous system. Altered sensation usually occurs at the back of the head and neck, which is why owners find their dogs constantly scratching at the air with no relief, AKA phantom scratching.
Busted: generalized: tetraparesis/paraparesis, decreased spinal reflex, generalized weakness, exercise intolerance, dysphagia, dysphonia
Local: specific nerve dysfunction
what are some differentials
neuromuscular disease (myopathies junctionopathies, neuropathies)
hyperadrenocorticism
hyperkalemia
hypokalemia
masticatory myositis
polymyositis
what is an example of a junctionopathy
myasthenia gravis
what breeds get congenital myasthenia gravis ? what do we do to treat?
mini daschunds .. they usually grow out of it
what are two ways to definitives dx myasthenia gravis and what are some c/s that would make you want to do these tests
c/s: difficulty swallowing, weakness walking and wanting to sit down
test: - anti-acetycholine receptor AB test
neostigmine (temporarily prevents acetycholine from being broken down and results in better signalling between nerves and muscle)
WHAT ARE THE treatments of myasthenia gravis
- NOT neostigmine its just a temporary test
- medications and new feeding routine
what is the prognosis of M. gravis
most dogs do well on the treatment and resolve once the body stops producing AB against acetyl choline HOWEVER the mega esophagus persists =—> pneumonia is a huge issue
