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UWS Cards > deck_1334684 > Flashcards

deck_1334684 Flashcards

2
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Medial, Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), Transverse

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3
Q

Medial Plane

A

vertical plane passing longitudinally through body, divides body into equal left and right parts

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4
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical planes passing through body parallel to median plane, divides into unequal left and right parts

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5
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Vertical planes passing through body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior and posterior parts

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6
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal plane passing thorough body at right angle to median and frontal, divide body into inferior and superior parts

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7
Q

Integumentary Systems consists of?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Superficial fascia (Subcutaneous fascia, hypodermis)

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8
Q

Epidermis

A

keratine epithelium, tough outer protective layer, avascularcontains a few nerve terminals

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9
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

b/w dermis and deep fascia, loose CT and stored fat (is most of body’s fat storage)contains sweat glands and superficial blood & lymphatic vessels and cutaneous nerves.

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10
Q

Types of Fascias

A

Superficial fascia and Deep

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11
Q

Dermis

A

collagen and elastic fibers, dense layer providing tone and toughness, arteries from deep surfacecontains nerve terminals for pain pressure and temp, hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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12
Q

Functions of Integumentary system

A

Protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage of vitamin D

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13
Q

Deep Fascia

A

dense organized CT w out fat, surround muscles and neurovascular bundles, always passes bone w periosteum, limits outward expansion of contracting muscle helping to push blood out of veins as muscle compresses

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14
Q

Fascial compartments

A

located in limbs to contain groups of muscles with similar function and same nerve supply, separated by intermuscular septa, can contain or direct spread of infection/tumors

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15
Q

Retinacula

A

thickening of deep fascia near joints and it holds tendons in place during flex/ext

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16
Q

Bursae

A

closed sacs of serous membrane capable of secreting lubricating fluid, it is normally collapsed (potential space) and it can communicate with the synovial joints, when filled with fluid they become realized space.

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17
Q

Types of Bursae

A

Subcutaneous, Subfascial, Subtendonous, Synovial tendon sheaths

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18
Q

Subcutaneous

A

occurs b/w skin and bony prominence

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19
Q

Subfascial

A

lie beneath deep fascia

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20
Q

Subtendonous

A

facilitate movement of tendons over bone

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21
Q

Synovial tendon sheaths

A

specialized bursae that wrap tendons and enclose them as they pass through osseofibrous tunnels.eg. carpal tunnel

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22
Q

Collapsed bursal sacs ad Viscera

A

double layer of membrane that surround important organs, has the parietal “outer” layer in contact with body wall and visceral “inner” layer in contact with organ3 types of sacs are: pericardial - heart, pleural - lungs, and peritoneal - abdominal viscera

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23
Q

Skeletal Systems two function parts

A

Axial: Skull, Hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae, ribs sternum vertebrae and sacrumAppendicular: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity

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24
Q

Cartilage

A

CT that forms skeleton requiring flexibility, avascular, articular cartilage that cover joining bone surfaces to provide smooth low friction gliding movements

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25
Q

Bone

A

Functions: support, protection, mechanical basis of movement, salts (Ca 2+), supply new blood cellsliving hard CT that makes up most of skeleton,

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26
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous CT covering that interfaces attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone

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27
Q

Perichondrium

A

covers cartilage

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28
Q

Types of Bone

A

Compact and spongy

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29
Q

Compact bone

A

thin layer surrounding spongy, found where there is more weight bearing

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30
Q

Spongy

A

central compartment of bone except where replaced by medullary cavity

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31
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

large, numerous space within bone, contains tubercle, contains yellow fatty to red blood and platelet forming bone marrow

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32
Q

Classifications of bone

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid

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33
Q

Long bones

A

tubular

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34
Q

Short bones

A

cuboidal and are found in ankle and wrist

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35
Q

Falt bones

A

serve protective functions, bones of skull

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36
Q

Irregular bones

A

have shapes others than long, short or flat. bones of face

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37
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

develop in tendons, protect that tendon from wear, change angle of tendons as they pass attachments

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38
Q

Bone Marking, what are the marks on bones

A

where tendons, ligaments and fascia are attachedwhere arteries lie adjacent to or enter the bonewhere there is a passage of a tendon

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39
Q

Bone parts

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate

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40
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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41
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of the bone

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42
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

where the Dia meets the Epi

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43
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

lined formed in fusion of Dia and Epi

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44
Q

What is a joint

A

union, articulation or junction b/w 2 bones or rigid parts of skeleton

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45
Q

Classification of joints

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial

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46
Q

Fibrous

A

united by fibrous tissue, movement at joint depends on how tough that tissue is.Types: sutures, syndesmosis, dentoalveolar syndesmosis

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47
Q

Sutures

A

interlocking along a wavy lone or overlap

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48
Q

Syndesmosis

A

united with a sheet of fibrous tissue (ligament of fibrous membrane), partially moveable.eg. interosseous membrane that joins radius and ulna

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49
Q

Dentoalveolar syndesmosis

A

b/w a peg-like process and socket articulation, mobility indicate pathological state, microscopic movements give info on bite or if a particel is stuck b/w teeth.eg. root of tooth and alveolar process

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50
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

united by hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilageTypes; primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)secondary cartilagenous joints (symphyses)

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51
Q

Primary cartilaginous joint

A

permits slight bends at early life, usually temporary union, permit growth in length of bone, eventually calcify and fuse

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52
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joint

A

strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage, provide strength shock absorption and flexibility to vertebral column.eg. IVD or pubis sypmphysis

53
Q

Synovial Joints

A

most common joint, provides free movement, reinforced by accessory ligaments, may have articular discs or meniscus, united joint capsules that enclose cavity (outer fibrous layer lined by inner serous synovial membrane), joint cavity, articular cartilage covers articulating surfaces of bones.Types: Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket, Pivot

54
Q

Joint cavity

A

potential space that contains small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, may communicate with bursae, periosteum investing participating bones external to joint blends with fibrous capsule.

55
Q

Plane

A

allow for gliding/sliding movements in plane articulating surfaceag. acromioclavicular joint

56
Q

Hinge

A

allow for flex/ext only in sagittal plane around single transverse axis, reinforced by collateral ligamentseg. elbow

57
Q

Saddle

A

Allows for ADD/ABD as well as flex/ext around two axis at right angles to each other, can do circumduction in these two axiseg. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

58
Q

Condyloid

A

allows for flex/ext and ABDADD where movement in sagittal plane is freer, can also do circumductioneg. metacarpophalangeal or radiocarpal joint

59
Q

Ball and socket

A

allows for movement n multiple planes and axes along with rotationeg. hip or shoulder

60
Q

Pivot

A

allow for rotation around a central axiseg. median atlantoaxial joint (C1 rotates around dens)

61
Q

Vasculature of Joints

A

articular artery arise from vessels around joint, often anastomose to form networks, to ensure flow to joint in all position when one might be impinged, located in joint capsule.articular veins are communicating veins that accompany arteries

62
Q

Innervation of joints

A

Hiltons law,Articular nerve from branches of nerves that supply muscles that cross and move joint, transmit sensory impulses that contribute to sense of proprioception, sensory never endings respond to twisting and stretching, synovial membrane is rather insensitive, fibrous layer of joint capsule and accessory ligaments have numerous pain fibers.

63
Q

Hilton’s Law

A

states that nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments

64
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal Striated Muscle, Cardiac Striated Muscle, Smooth Muscle

65
Q

Skeletal striated muscle

A

voluntary somatic muscle, makes up most of gross skeleton, move and stabilize bones and other structures

66
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

involuntary visceral muscle, forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels, pumps blood

67
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary visceral muscle, forms walls of most vessels and hollow organs, moves substances through using coordinated sequential contractions

68
Q

Parts of the skeletal muscle

A

Head or bellies, Tendons, Aperneurosis

69
Q

Head or belly of muscle

A

Red, fleshy, contractile portion of skeletal muscle

70
Q

Tendon

A

white, non-contractile portions composed mainly of organized collagen that provides means of attachment

71
Q

Aponeurosis

A

flat sheet formed by some tendons, anchor muscles to the skeleton and/or deep fascia, may also anchor to other aponeurosis

72
Q

Naming skeletal muscles

A

named by where they are attached.Size, Shape, Location, Action, Length

73
Q

Size

A

gluteus maximus muscle

74
Q

Shape

A

Trapezius muscle

75
Q

Location

A

rectus abdominis

76
Q

Action

A

Extensor digitorum

77
Q

Length

A

extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis

78
Q

Classification

A

Flat, Fusiform, Pennate Muscle, Quadrate, Circular, multiheaded

79
Q

Flat

A

has parallel fibers often with aponeurosis

80
Q

Fusiform

A

spindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered end

81
Q

Pennate muscle

A

Unipennate- fibers on one side of tendonBipennate - fibers on both sides of tendonmultipennate - radiating fibers that converge on a central tendon

82
Q

Quadrate

A

have four equal sides

83
Q

Circular

A

surround body of orifice, constricting it when contracted

84
Q

Multiheaded

A

have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly

85
Q

Attachments of muscles

A

Origin - proximal attachment usually remains fixed when muscle is contractedInsertion - distal attachment and moves towards origin.

86
Q

Contraction of muscles

A

Reflexive contraction, Tonic contraction, Phasic contraction

87
Q

Reflexive contraction

A

autonomic aspect of certain skeletal muscle activity

88
Q

Tonic contraction

A

slight contraction present in muscles even when relaxed, creates muscle tone

89
Q

Phasic Contraction

A

Isometric - contracted but not moving muscleIsotonic - concentric and eccentric

90
Q

Muscle tone

A

does not produce active movement or active resistance, give muscles a certain firmness to stabilize joints, keep muscles ready to respond, not on when in deep sleep.

91
Q

Function of Muscle

A

Prime mover, Fixator, Synergist, Antagonist

92
Q

Actions of muscle (11)

A

Flex/extend, ADD/ABD, Circumduction, Rotation, Supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, Inversion/eversion, Protraction/Retraction, Elevation/Depression, Upward/Downward rotation, Radial/ulnar deviation

93
Q

Skeletal muscles vasculature

A

blood supply is not as constant as never supply, usually supplied by multiple arteries

94
Q

Skeletal muscles innervation

A

variation in nerve supply is rare, skeletal muscle is supplied by motor neurone, muscles of similar actions are contained in a common fascial compartment and share nerve

95
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons, Neuroglia

96
Q

Neurons

A

structure and units of nerves, do rapid communication, are connected by synapsescomposed of: cell body, dendrites, axon.two types of neurones: Multipolar motor neuron and pseudounipolar motor neurone.

97
Q

Synapses

A

point of communication between neurons

98
Q

dendrites

A

extension of cell body that carries impulses towards cell body

99
Q

axon

A

extension of cell body that carry impulses away from cell body, covered in a myelin sheath to as insulation to increase transmission

100
Q

multipolar motor neuron

A

two or more dendrites on a single axon, most common type of neuron, all motor neurons that control skeletal muscle and comprise the ANS

101
Q

psudounipolar motor neuron

A

short, apparently single process extending from cell body, peripheral - connects impulses from receptor organ towards cell body, central - continues from cell body to CNS

102
Q

Neuroglia

A

5X more than neurones, form major components of nervous tissue, act as support, insulation and nourishment

103
Q

Nervous Structural Divisions

A

Central Nervous System- consists of brain and spinal cord, integrates and coordinates, carries out the higher mental functionsPeripheral Nervous System - everything that isn’t CNS, conducts impulses to or away from CNS, made up of 2 pathways SNS and ANS

104
Q

PNS

A

Nerve Fiber, Nerve, Ganglion

105
Q

Types of Nerves

A

Afferents (sensory) Fibers - convey neural impulses to CNS from sense organs, Efferent (motor) Fibers - convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs

106
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

identified by descriptive name, consists of all types of fibers.

107
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

arise in bilateral pairs from specific spinal segment, 31 pairs of spinal nerves

108
Q

Parts of Spinal Nerve

A

rootlets, nerve root, Ventral nerve root, Dorsal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, mixed spinal nerve, dorsal primary rami, ventral primary rami, somatic nerve plexus, dermatome, cutaneous nerve

109
Q

Rootlets

A

where the nerve initiates from spinal cord

110
Q

Nerve root

A

rootlets converge to form 2 nerve roots

111
Q

Ventral Nerve root

A

consistes of motor finer from cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord to effector organs located peripherally

112
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

consists of sensory fibbers from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion that extend peripherally to sensory and centrally to dorsal horns of spinal cord

113
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

motor and sensory fibers, gives off medial and lateral cutaneus branches, supply synovial joints of vertebral column, deep mm. of back and overlying skin segments

114
Q

Ventral primary Rami

A

motor and sensory nfibers, supplies anterior and lateral regions of trunk, upper and lower limbs, majority of VPR merge with one another to form the somatic nerve plexuses

115
Q

Somatic Nerve Plexuses

A

Cervical - C1-4, Brachial - C5-T1, Lumbar - L1-4 and Sacral - L4-S4

116
Q

Dermatome

A

unilateral area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of single spinal nerve, adjacent spinal nerves overlap almost completely, at least 2 nerves need to be interrupted to produce numbness

117
Q

Cutaneous Never

A

carry sensory information from skin, motor innervation to glands and smooth muscles

118
Q

Somatic and visceral Fibers

A

General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent), General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent), Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent), Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)

119
Q

General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent)

A

transmit sensation from body to CNS, skin - pain temp and pressure, joint - pain and proprioception

120
Q

General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent),

A

transmit impulses to skeletal muscles

121
Q

Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent),

A

transmit sensations from hollow organs or blood vessels to CNS, pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations

122
Q

Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)

A

transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glandular tissue

123
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

composed of somatic parts of CNS and PNS, sensory and motor innervation to all part of body except viscera, smooth muscles and glands, transmits pain, temp, pressure, and position, innervates only skeletal muscles

124
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

consists of motor fibbers, stimulate smooth muscle modified cardiac muscle and glandular cells, accompanied by visceral afferent fibersis broken into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

125
Q

Functions of Sympathetic

A

Heart - ^ HR and force contractionBronchi - dilatePupils - dilateDigestive Tract - Inhibits peristals/ decreases blood flowSkin Vessels - constrictSkeletal muscle vessels - dilateSweat glands - ^ perspirationEjaculation

126
Q

Functions of Parasympathetic

A

Heart - decrease HR an force contractionBronchi 0 constrictPupils - constrictDigestive tract 0 ^ peristalsis/blood flowSkin Vessels - no effectSkeletal muscle vessels - no effectSweat glands - no effectErection

127
Q

Visceral Sensation

A

afferent fibers hitch ride on ANS but are not part of ANS, integrated in CNS, provides info of internal environment, subconscious, can reach conscious level of painvisceral reflex sensation - parasympatheticvisceral pain sensation - sympathetic

UWS Cards (5 decks)

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