Deck 3 Flashcards by RICHARD TREAT

Neural plasticity important concepts

The brain physically changes throughout the lifespan

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Synaptic pruning

In adolescence, synapses that are relevant persist, refining the efficiency of the brain

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Chronic __ and chronic ___ __ ___ can negatively impact neural plasticity

stress and substance use disorder

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5 things that can produce positive changes in neural functioning

Psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Exercise
Meditation
Other enjoyable activities, like socializing

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5 functions of the brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

Blood pressure
Breathing
Level of arousal
Digestion

Relays info to the cerebellum

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The 3 other structures that are in the same class as the brainstem

brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

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4 effects of damage to the brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

Impaired inhibition
Anxiety
Depression
Personality changes

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5 psychiatric conditions associated with the brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

PTSD
Psychosis
Paralysis 
Coma
Death

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7 functions of the cerebellum

Balance
Posture
Movement
Memory
Impulse control
cognition
language

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4 effects of damage to the cerebellum

Ataxia
Tremors
Emotional blunting
Lack of inhibition

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2 psych disorders associated with the cerebellum

Austism

ADHD

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Function of the amygdala

Regulates primitive/powerful emotions (fear, rage, sex)

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3 effects of damage to the amygdala

Irritability
Anger
Aggression

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5 psych disorders associated with the amygdala

PTSD
Panic disorder
Depression 
Autism
Schizophrenia

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3 functions of the hippocampus

Memory
Converting short-term memory to long-term
Leanring

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2 effects of damage to the hippocampus

Impaired memory and attention

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3 psych disorders associated with the hippocampus

Depression
Alzheimer’s
PTSD

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2 functions of the thalamus

Relay station

Influences affect/mood/and body movements associated with strong emotions

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Effective of damage to the thalamus

Impairment when someone’s overwhelmed with information

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Psych disorder associated with the thalamus

schizophrenia

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2 functions of the hypothalamus

Homeostasis

Basic needs (eating/drinking/temperature)

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2 effects of damage to the hypothalamus

Disturbed sleep/eating/temperature

Emotional instability

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3 psych disorders associated with the hypothalamus

Depression
Violence
Anorexia

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The 4 subdivisions of the frontal lobe

Motor strip
Supplemental motor area
Broca’s area
Prefrontal cortex

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6 functions of the frontal lobe

``` Executive functioning Personality High order planning Speech Motivation Emotional experience/expression ```

The prefrontal cortex (in the frontal lobe) has 3 regions

Orbitofrontal Dorsolateral Medial

The orbitofrontal region, anterior cingulate, and insula work together to

seek and recognize love

Seeking and recognizing love is associated with

The orbitofrontal region, anterior cingulate, and insula

Damage to the orbitofrontal region (in the prefrontal cortex) causes 4 things

Disinhibition Promiscuity Poor judgement Poor executive functioning

7 psych disorders associated with the frontal lobe

``` Frontal lobe syndrome Schizophrenia Executive dysfunction Depression Bipolar ADHD Anxiety ```

2 functions of the parietal lobe

Sensory information (smell, hearing, vision, tactile, proprioception) Language comprehension

Effect of damage to the parietal lobe

Can't recognize familiar people/objects/surroundings

3 psych disorder associated with the parietal lobe

Agnosia Aphasia Apraxia

3 functions of the occipital lobe

Vision Visual memory Language formation

2 effects of damage to the occipital lobe

Vision loss Visual hallucation

2 psych disorders associated with the occipital lobe

Blindness Color blindness

2 functions of the temporal lobe

Auditory info Provides emotional context to memories

4 effects of damage to the temporal lobe

Fear Rage Anxiety Paranoia

3 psych disorders associated with the temporal lobe

AH in depression Mania Schizophrenia

The 4 dopamine pathways

Nigrostriatal Mesocortical Mesolimbic Tuberinfundibular

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway known for

Rewards Associated with mood disorders/psychosis/addiction/positive symptoms of schizophrenia

What is the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway known for

Voluntary and involuntary movements

Mesocortical dopamine pathway is known for

Cognition Planning Behavior

Tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway is known for

Regulating prolactin It extends to the pituitary

How many types of dopamine receptors are there

What are the 2 subtypes of dopamine receptors

D1 like receptors (include D1 and D5) D2 like receptors (includes D2, D3, D4)

What do the D1-like receptors do (D1 and D5 receptors)

Stimulate adenyl cyclase activity

What do the D2-like receptors do (D2, D3, and D4)

Inhibit formation of cAMP

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be from excessive dopamine in the

mesolimbic pathway

Drug induced parkinsonism symptoms occur through

degeneration of the nigral neurons

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by

deficient mesocortical pathways

All antipsychotics (1st and 2nd) have this mechanism in common

They block D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway

How do 1st generation antipsychotics cause EPS

They can block D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway

What is the antipsychotic mechanism that causes elevated prolactin and galactorrhea

Disruption of the tuberoinfundibular pathway

Reduced adverse effects of the 2nd generation antipsychotics is due in part to their actions on the D2 receptors:

Rapid dissociation Partial antagonists

Epinephrine is found mostly in the

peripheral nervous system

Norepinephrine is involved in these 6 things

``` Attention Focus Vigilance Fight or flight Learning Speeds up heart rate ```

Norepinephrine neurons innervate the

amygdala and prefontal cortex- areas important to anxiety and worry

Dysregulation of epi and norepinephrine can be caused by

childhood abuse

Epi/Norepi is involved in which 5 psychiatric disorders

``` Mood disorders GAD ADHD Panic disorder PTSD ```

Stimulant medications used for ADHD increase

Norepi and dopamine

Atomoxetine mechanism

selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Serotonin is derived from

tryptophan

Serotonin is a precursor of

melatonin

Serotonin is known as the "___ ___"

Calming neurotransmitter

3 important effect of serotonin

affects sleep reduces aggression inhibits behavior

What is the number of serotonin families and subfamilies

7, 15

Dysregulation of serotonin results in 7 things

``` irritability hostility sleep dysregulation anxiety depression decreased libido ```

How do 2nd generation antipsychotics involve serotonin

They block serotonin-2 receptors, balancing the action of dopamine and reducing side effects.

Buspirone mechanism of action

Partial agonist to serotonin-1A

the "Triptan" medications (for example sumatriptan) for acute migraine work by

They are serotonin-1B/1D agonists

Mirtazapine mechanism of action

it's a potent serotonin-2 and -3 receptor antagonist.

What does histamine control

Arousal Wakefulness Feeding behavior Neuroendocrine responsiveness

2 fun facts about histamine

there are 4 substypes it can be inhibitory or excitatory

Where are most histamine receptors

The CNS, especially the thalamus, cortex, and cerebellum

antagonism of H1 receptors causes

sedation and weight gain (some antidepressants and antipsychotics have antihistamine properties)

3 fun facts about glutamate

It's found throughout the brain It's excitatory It's the precursor of GABA

The major receptor of glutamate is

NMDA receptors

What's the relationship between ketamine and glutamate

Ketamine is an antagonist of glutamate. The antagonism causes schizophrenia like symptoms.

2 fun facts about GABA

It's inhibitory There are multiple types of GABA receptors

GABA especially plays a role in ___ disorders

anxiety

Common medication that acts on GABA receptors

benzodiazepines

ACh is the neurotransmitter in the ___ nervous system

autonomic (which includes sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Examples of ACh in the sympathetic nervous, and the parasympathetic

Sympathetic: fight or flight response (ACh is in the preganglionic neurons) Parasympathetic: rest and digest (ACh is responsible for transmission from nerves to the organs)

Problems with cognition/arousal/attention/motivation occur when ACh decreases because of deterioration of the ___ ___ and ___ ___

cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus

How does donepezil work

it's an acetylcholinerterase inhibitor, meaning it stops ACh from breaking down