Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Board Certification > Deck 3 > Flashcards

Deck 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural plasticity important concepts

A

The brain physically changes throughout the lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

In adolescence, synapses that are relevant persist, refining the efficiency of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chronic __ and chronic ___ __ ___ can negatively impact neural plasticity

A

stress and substance use disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 things that can produce positive changes in neural functioning

A 
Psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Exercise
Meditation
Other enjoyable activities, like socializing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 functions of the brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

A

Blood pressure
Breathing
Level of arousal
Digestion

Relays info to the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 3 other structures that are in the same class as the brainstem

A

brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 effects of damage to the brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

A

Impaired inhibition
Anxiety
Depression
Personality changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 psychiatric conditions associated with the brainstem/pons/medulla oblongata/midbrain

A 
PTSD
Psychosis
Paralysis 
Coma
Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

7 functions of the cerebellum

A 
Balance
Posture
Movement
Memory
Impulse control
cognition
language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 effects of damage to the cerebellum

A

Ataxia
Tremors
Emotional blunting
Lack of inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 psych disorders associated with the cerebellum

A

Austism

ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of the amygdala

A

Regulates primitive/powerful emotions (fear, rage, sex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 effects of damage to the amygdala

A

Irritability
Anger
Aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

5 psych disorders associated with the amygdala

A 
PTSD
Panic disorder
Depression 
Autism
Schizophrenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 functions of the hippocampus

A

Memory
Converting short-term memory to long-term
Leanring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 effects of damage to the hippocampus

A

Impaired memory and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 psych disorders associated with the hippocampus

A

Depression
Alzheimer’s
PTSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 functions of the thalamus

A

Relay station

Influences affect/mood/and body movements associated with strong emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effective of damage to the thalamus

A

Impairment when someone’s overwhelmed with information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Psych disorder associated with the thalamus

A

schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 functions of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

Basic needs (eating/drinking/temperature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 effects of damage to the hypothalamus

A

Disturbed sleep/eating/temperature

Emotional instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 psych disorders associated with the hypothalamus

A

Depression
Violence
Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The 4 subdivisions of the frontal lobe

A

Motor strip
Supplemental motor area
Broca’s area
Prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

6 functions of the frontal lobe

A 
Executive functioning
Personality 
High order planning 
Speech
Motivation
Emotional experience/expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The prefrontal cortex (in the frontal lobe) has 3 regions

A

Orbitofrontal
Dorsolateral
Medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The orbitofrontal region, anterior cingulate, and insula work together to

A

seek and recognize love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Seeking and recognizing love is associated with

A

The orbitofrontal region, anterior cingulate, and insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Damage to the orbitofrontal region (in the prefrontal cortex) causes 4 things

A

Disinhibition
Promiscuity
Poor judgement
Poor executive functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

7 psych disorders associated with the frontal lobe

A 
Frontal lobe syndrome
Schizophrenia 
Executive dysfunction
Depression
Bipolar 
ADHD
Anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 functions of the parietal lobe

A

Sensory information (smell, hearing, vision, tactile, proprioception)

Language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Effect of damage to the parietal lobe

A

Can’t recognize familiar people/objects/surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

3 psych disorder associated with the parietal lobe

A

Agnosia
Aphasia
Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 functions of the occipital lobe

A

Vision
Visual memory
Language formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

2 effects of damage to the occipital lobe

A

Vision loss

Visual hallucation

36
Q

2 psych disorders associated with the occipital lobe

A

Blindness

Color blindness

37
Q

2 functions of the temporal lobe

A

Auditory info

Provides emotional context to memories

38
Q

4 effects of damage to the temporal lobe

A

Fear
Rage
Anxiety
Paranoia

39
Q

3 psych disorders associated with the temporal lobe

A

AH in depression
Mania
Schizophrenia

40
Q

The 4 dopamine pathways

A

Nigrostriatal
Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
Tuberinfundibular

41
Q

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway known for

A

Rewards

Associated with mood disorders/psychosis/addiction/positive symptoms of schizophrenia

42
Q

What is the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway known for

A

Voluntary and involuntary movements

43
Q

Mesocortical dopamine pathway is known for

A

Cognition
Planning
Behavior

44
Q

Tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway is known for

A

Regulating prolactin

It extends to the pituitary

45
Q

How many types of dopamine receptors are there

A

5

46
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of dopamine receptors

A

D1 like receptors (include D1 and D5)

D2 like receptors (includes D2, D3, D4)

47
Q

What do the D1-like receptors do (D1 and D5 receptors)

A

Stimulate adenyl cyclase activity

48
Q

What do the D2-like receptors do (D2, D3, and D4)

A

Inhibit formation of cAMP

49
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be from excessive dopamine in the

A

mesolimbic pathway

50
Q

Drug induced parkinsonism symptoms occur through

A

degeneration of the nigral neurons

51
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by

A

deficient mesocortical pathways

52
Q

All antipsychotics (1st and 2nd) have this mechanism in common

A

They block D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway

53
Q

How do 1st generation antipsychotics cause EPS

A

They can block D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway

54
Q

What is the antipsychotic mechanism that causes elevated prolactin and galactorrhea

A

Disruption of the tuberoinfundibular pathway

55
Q

Reduced adverse effects of the 2nd generation antipsychotics is due in part to their actions on the D2 receptors:

A

Rapid dissociation

Partial antagonists

56
Q

Epinephrine is found mostly in the

A

peripheral nervous system

57
Q

Norepinephrine is involved in these 6 things

A 
Attention
Focus
Vigilance
Fight or flight
Learning 
Speeds up heart rate
58
Q

Norepinephrine neurons innervate the

A

amygdala and prefontal cortex- areas important to anxiety and worry

59
Q

Dysregulation of epi and norepinephrine can be caused by

A

childhood abuse

60
Q

Epi/Norepi is involved in which 5 psychiatric disorders

A 
Mood disorders
GAD
ADHD
Panic disorder 
PTSD
61
Q

Stimulant medications used for ADHD increase

A

Norepi and dopamine

62
Q

Atomoxetine mechanism

A

selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

63
Q

Serotonin is derived from

A

tryptophan

64
Q

Serotonin is a precursor of

A

melatonin

65
Q

Serotonin is known as the “___ ___”

A

Calming neurotransmitter

66
Q

3 important effect of serotonin

A

affects sleep
reduces aggression
inhibits behavior

67
Q

What is the number of serotonin families and subfamilies

A

7, 15

68
Q

Dysregulation of serotonin results in 7 things

A 
irritability
hostility 
sleep 
dysregulation
anxiety 
depression 
decreased libido
69
Q

How do 2nd generation antipsychotics involve serotonin

A

They block serotonin-2 receptors, balancing the action of dopamine and reducing side effects.

70
Q

Buspirone mechanism of action

A

Partial agonist to serotonin-1A

71
Q

the “Triptan” medications (for example sumatriptan) for acute migraine work by

A

They are serotonin-1B/1D agonists

72
Q

Mirtazapine mechanism of action

A

it’s a potent serotonin-2 and -3 receptor antagonist.

73
Q

What does histamine control

A

Arousal
Wakefulness
Feeding behavior
Neuroendocrine responsiveness

74
Q

2 fun facts about histamine

A

there are 4 substypes

it can be inhibitory or excitatory

75
Q

Where are most histamine receptors

A

The CNS, especially the thalamus, cortex, and cerebellum

76
Q

antagonism of H1 receptors causes

A

sedation and weight gain (some antidepressants and antipsychotics have antihistamine properties)

77
Q

3 fun facts about glutamate

A

It’s found throughout the brain

It’s excitatory

It’s the precursor of GABA

78
Q

The major receptor of glutamate is

A

NMDA receptors

79
Q

What’s the relationship between ketamine and glutamate

A

Ketamine is an antagonist of glutamate. The antagonism causes schizophrenia like symptoms.

80
Q

2 fun facts about GABA

A

It’s inhibitory

There are multiple types of GABA receptors

81
Q

GABA especially plays a role in ___ disorders

A

anxiety

82
Q

Common medication that acts on GABA receptors

A

benzodiazepines

83
Q

ACh is the neurotransmitter in the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic (which includes sympathetic and parasympathetic)

84
Q

Examples of ACh in the sympathetic nervous, and the parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight response (ACh is in the preganglionic neurons)

Parasympathetic: rest and digest (ACh is responsible for transmission from nerves to the organs)

85
Q

Problems with cognition/arousal/attention/motivation occur when ACh decreases because of deterioration of the ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus

86
Q

How does donepezil work

A

it’s an acetylcholinerterase inhibitor, meaning it stops ACh from breaking down

Board Certification (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions