Deck 2 Flashcards
Erik Erikson
Researcher who developed the psychosocial stages of development, a stage theory that considers a ‘crisis’ of each developmental period. There are 8 stages that start at birth and follow an individual through all ife stages.l
The strange situation
Mary Ainsworth’s research that examined the role of attachment between mothers and their children. This laboratory-based research used 8 vignette scenarios to determine how children interacted with their mother alone and when a stranger was present.
Four types of generativity
According to Erikson, biological, parental, technical and cultural. Biological generativity is the reproduction of the next generation, or having children. Parental generativity is raising, or parenting, the next generation. Technical generativity relates to teaching or mentoring the next generation, and cultural generativity is the transmission of cultural values to the next generation.
Activity Theory
A theory of aging that posits successful aging occurs when people stay active and engaged in their environment and relationships. Also known as implicit theory of aging.
Disengagement Theory
A theory of aging that posits aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system. Largely shown to be an inaccurate theory.
Continuity Theory
A theory of aging that posits older adults stay engaged in their environment as much as they did in earlier stages of development.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
A theory of aging that states that as adults age, they become more selective in who they spend their time with, choosing activities and people from which they draw emotional support and enjoyment.
Stages of Dying
Kubler-Ross’ theory of dying established 5 stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance
Prejudice
Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.
Situational attribution
attributes behaviors to external factors and the specific situation. (assuming the erratic driver on the highway is having an emergency)
Dispositional attribution
attributes behaviors to personality traits, attitudes and intelligence (assuming the erratic driver on the highway is a ‘jerk’)
Social disruption
A worsening, or decline, of performance in the presence of others (the quarterback performs poorly when his girlfriend comes to games)
Social facilitation
An enhancement, or improvement of performance in the presence of others. (the quarterback excels when his girlfriend comes to games)
Collectivistic Culture
a culture that values interdependence among its members. Predominate in eastern cultures.
Individualistic Culture
a culture that values independence among its members. Predominate in western cultures.
Just-world hypothesis
the tendency to attribute consequences to–or expect consequences as the result of–a universal force that restores moral balance. (the mantra that “everything happens for a reason”)
Cognitive dissonance
A conflict between a person’s attitude, beliefs, or behaviors. (Do as I say, not as I do).
Group think
occurs when no one expresses an opinion or dissent and there is an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking. A cited historical example is often Bay of Pigs invasion.
Group polarization
occurs when group discussion strengthens a dominate position in the group.
Diffused Responsibility
The more people who are present in a situation, the less each person feels responsible for the negative consequences of not providing assistance. (5 people witness an accident and no one stops, assuming someone else is stopping)
Social Loafing
Occurs when performance of a person declines with their involvement in a group. (in school, there is always a person who doesn’t pull his weight on a group project).
Obedience to Authority
Stanley Milgram’s research that utilized a confederate as a learner an participants as the teacher. Teachers were asked to administer shocks to the learner in another room. Milgram found that participants continues to respond to the experimenter’s cues to keep going, even when the confederate learner responded in ways that indicated distress or pain.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Phil Zimbardo’s study of randomly assigning a group of students to be prisoners and another group to be guards didn’t last as long as it was originally supposed to due to the undue distress by the students involved.
Asch Conformity Experiment
Soloman Asch’s experiment involved a panel of confederates and one actual participant, who thought the confederates were also participants. The experimenter showed a series of pictures and asked the participants to match the lines with a sample. Asch found that the participant yielded to the group when the confederates selected obviously wrong answers.
Robert Zajonc
Research focused on cockroaches and the phenomenon of social facilitation. He found that cockroaches ran faster in the presence of other cockroaches.
