[Deck 2]

Question 1

How do we see? (retinal image theory)

Answer 1

We are EDGE DETECTORS
~ we detect edges on small receptive fields and combine them into larger RFs
~ we detect contrast (stimulation and no)
~ we detect light vs no light

Question 2

Why is only seeing in 2D bad?

Answer 2

~ its ambiguous

~ unable to see whole 3D object

Question 3

How do we work out which object belongs where? (3)

Answer 3

1. get the information
2. use the Gestalt Grouping Principles
3. Work out Figure-Ground

Question 4

What is the theory behind the Gestalt Grouping Principles?

Answer 4

the whole is different to the sum of its parts

Question 5

Name the 6 Gestalt Grouping Principles.

Answer 5

~ Law of transposition
~ Law of grouping (similarity + proximity)
~ Law of grouping by good continuation
~ Grouping by closure
~ Grouping by common fate
~ Law of Pragnanz

Question 6

Law of transposition

Answer 6

you process the whole image, not just the parts, therefore the parts are interchangeable

Question 7

Law of grouping

Answer 7

similarity = similar things are put together
proximity = close things are put together

Question 8

Law of grouping by good continuation

Answer 8

we group things in ways that makes them seem smooth/continuous not discrete irregular
e.g. one tree stump if object blocking middle, not two

Question 9

Grouping by closure

Answer 9

we assume shapes are regular so we close them into wholes

e.g. panda logo

Question 10

Grouping by common fate

Answer 10

objects that move together are grouped together

Question 11

Law of Pragnanz

Answer 11

the simplest organisation, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure

Question 12

Figure-ground

Answer 12

the process of finding out what is the background and the foreground?

Question 13

What happens when figure-ground is realised? (4)

Answer 13

1. figure becomes more ‘thing-like’ than ground
2. figure is infant of the ground
3. the ground is seen as uniform/extending beyond the picture
4. the contour separating figure from ground belongs to the figure

Question 14

Which side of the face do humans and dogs look at to read emotion?

Answer 14

left

Question 15

What is motion perception for?

Answer 15

1. balance
2. seeing predators
3. detecting prey
4. directing actions + intercepting targets

Question 16

Motion perception + camouflage

Answer 16

~ motion can break camouflage
~ motion can create camouflage
e.g. sea dragon pretends to be moving seaweed

Question 17

What can motion tell us?

Answer 17

~ give us information about depth and form - able to see multiple views
~ can tell structure - give us shape consistancy

Question 18

Motion parallax

Answer 18

objects that are further away move more slowly in your visual field

Question 19

Perceptual-motor couplings

Answer 19

paining visual info with actions

e.g. cat carousel (Held & Hein, 1963)

Question 20

Give 2 examples of perceptual-motor couplings.

Answer 20

Shape consistency – need to be able to sit-up and move objects in oder to that when an object is rotated, it is the same object, babies can’t do this

Walking straight – use optic flow to walk straight + walk towards focus of expansion