Decentralization

Question 1

Institutions

Answer 1

Features of political and social life that structure behaviour and that cannot be changed easily or instantaneously

Question 2

Institutional layering

Answer 2

Process of adding new rules or regulations to an existing institutional framework without fully replacing existing ones

Question 3

Displacement

Answer 3

Removal of existing rules and introduction of new ones

Question 4

Layering

Answer 4

Introduction of new rules on top or alongside existing ones

Question 5

Drift

Answer 5

Changed impact of existing rules due to shifts in the environment

Question 6

Conversion

Answer 6

Process of taking existing rules and applying them in a new or different manner, which can result in a shift or alteration in the way those rules are put into action or enforced

Question 7

Theory on incremental change

Answer 7

Challenges the idea of sudden or radical shifts cause transformation of systems and social phenomena

Incremental change occurs through a process of feedback loops and interactions between various components within a system

Context and mechanisms of change shape the outcome of incremental transformations

Question 8

Hybrid goverance

Answer 8

Goveranance that cominbes elements of state-driven and non-state actors in decision-making, policy formation, implementation processes.
Multiple different arrangement exist and overlap

Question 9

Political decentralization
(Saltman & Bankauskaite)

Answer 9

Shifting policy making responsibility form central to local levels

Question 10

Administrative decentralization

Answer 10

State remains control over policy making and political decisions
Management and service delivery is shifted to lower-level government and private organizations

Question 11

Fiscal decentralization

Answer 11

Shifting fund-rasing and/or expenditure responsibilities to local levels

Question 12

Decentralization exists of

Answer 12

Devolution: transfer of power, responsibility and authority to lower levels

Deconcentration: allocation of resrouces

Delegation: delegating responsibilities to local authorities

Privatization:

Question 13

Four dimensions of decentralization

Answer 13

FODA

1. Functional scope
   Functions or responsibilities that are decentralized (resource allocation, service provision)
2. Organizational level
   Level of governance to which functions are decentralized
3. Degree of devolution
   Extent of decision-making and autonomy granted to lower levels
4. Accountability mechansims
   Ways different actors are held accountable for their actions and decisions (reporting requirements, performance indicators, monitoring systems)