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Histopath > Decalcification > Flashcards

Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

Process of removing Calcium or Lime salts from tissue

A

Decalcification

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2
Q

Performed on bones, teeth, calcified tissues (tuberculous lungs, arteriosclerotic vessels)

A

Decalcification

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3
Q

It prevents poor cutting of hard tissues/ knife damage

A

Decalcification

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4
Q

Sensation during cutting

A

Grating

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5
Q

The tissue surface may reveal __________ and can cause resistance if the paraffin-embedded block has been trimmed

A

Small foci

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6
Q

These are capable of removing the calcium from the tissues

A

Decalcifying agents

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7
Q

Most widely used agents for routine decalcification, stable and easily available

A

Acids

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8
Q

EDTA (versene)

A

Chelating agents

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9
Q

Ammonium form of polystrene resin;

A

Ion exchange resins

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10
Q

Attraction of cato negative electrode

A

Electrical ionization (electrophoresis)

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11
Q

Decalcifying agent that is most common, fastest and inhibits nuclear stain

A

Nitric acid

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12
Q

Destruction of tissue can be prevented by combining ________________

A

Formaldehyde or alcohol

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13
Q

What are nitric acid based decalcifying agents

A

10% aqueous nitric acid
Formol-nitric acid
Perenyi’s fluid
Phloroglucin nitric acid

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14
Q
  • A nitric acid based agents that is recommended for urgent biopsy, needle biopsy
  • Can produce yellow discoloration, impairing the staining reaction of the tissue
A

10% aqueous nitric acid

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15
Q

Composed of nitric acid and distilled water

A

10% aqueous nitric acid

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16
Q
  • A nitric based agent that is good nuclear staining, less tissue destruction
  • can also produce yellow discoloration
A

Formol nitric acid

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17
Q

Composed of nitric acid, formalin and distilled water

A

Formol nitric acid

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18
Q

Lessen yellow tissue discoloration by ___________ in a running tap water for at least 12 hrs

A

Sodium sulfate

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19
Q
  • A nitric acid based agent that decalcifies and softens, good nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
  • slow, difficult to assess
A

Perenyi’s fluid

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20
Q

Can be dissolved by adding glacial acidic acid drop by drop

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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21
Q

Composed of nitric acid, chromic acid, absolute ETOH

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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22
Q
  • A nitric based acid that is most rapid
  • Poor nuclear staining
A

Phloroglucin nitric acid

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23
Q

Composed of conc. Nitric, phloroglucin, nitric acid

A

Phloroglucin nitric acid

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24
Q

What are hydrochloric acid based decalcifying agents?

A

Von ebner’s fluid

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25
Q

Decalcifying agent that is inferior compared to nitric acid, slower action and greater tissue distortion

  • Good nuclear staining and recommended for surface decalcification
A

Hydrochloric acid

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26
Q
  • A HCL based agent that is good for cytologic staining, recommended for teeth and small pieces of bones.
  • the extent of the decalcification cannot be measured
A

Von Ebner’s fluid

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27
Q

What are the types of acid that is used for decalcification

A

Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Formic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Sulfurous acid
Chromic acid
Citric acid

28
Q

Decalcifying agent that is better for nuclear staining with less tissue distortion, recommended for postmortem research tissues upon the addition of sodium citrate

A

Formic acid

29
Q

What are formic acid based decalcifying agents

A

10% formic acid
Formic acid sodium citrate solution

30
Q
  • A formic avid based agent that is both fixative and decalcifying agent, permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining

-slow

A

10% formic acid

31
Q

Composed of formic acid and formol saline

A

10% formic acid

32
Q
  • A formic acid based that is slow and not recommended for routine purposes, requires neutralization with 5% Na sulfate
A

Formic acid- sodium citrate solution

33
Q

Composed of formic acid and Na citrate

A

Formic acid sodium citrate solution

34
Q

Decalcifying agent that is very slow, weak and it is nor used for dense tissues

A

Trichloroacetic acid

35
Q

Composed of trichloroacetic acid and formol saline

A

Trichloroacetic acid

36
Q

Decalcifying agents that is very weak and suitable only for minute pieces of bones

A

Sulfurous acid

37
Q

Decalcifying agent that is carcinogenic and corrosive to skin

A

Chormic acid (flemming’s fluid)

38
Q

Composed of chromic acid, osmium tetroxide and glacial HAC

A

Chromic acid

39
Q

Composed of citric acid, ammonium citrate, zinc sulfate and chloroform

A

Citric acid- citrate buffer (ph 4.5)

40
Q

What are decalcifying agents that id good for nuclear staining

A

Formol nitric acid
Perenyi’s fluid
Formic acid
10% formic acid
Formic acid- sodium citrate solution
Trichloroacetic acid
Citric acid

41
Q

What are decalcifying agents that is good for cytoplasmic staining

A

Perenyi’s fluid
Von ebner’s fluid
10% formic acid
Citric acid

42
Q

A type of decalcifying agent that is combine with calcium ions and other salts

A

Chelating agents

43
Q

Most common chelating agent will not bind Ca at pH below _______

44
Q

Advantage of chelating agents

A

Produces minimal cell and tissue distortion

45
Q

Disadvantage of chelating agents

A

Very slow, EDTA inactivates alkaline phosphates

46
Q

A type of decalcifying agents that hastens decalcification by removing Ca ions from formic acid containing decalcifying solution

A

Ion exchange resins

47
Q

Not recommended for fluids containing mineral acids such as nitric acid and hydrochloric acid

A

Ion exchange resins

48
Q

Advantage of ion exchange resins

A

Excellent staining results
Minimal cell and tissue distortion
Artifacts produced, usually caused by CO2 bubbles

49
Q

Disadvantage of ion exchange resins

A

Slow- 1-14 days
Can be measured by physical or x-ray method
Causes light tissue hardening

50
Q

A type of decalcification whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solutions

A

Electrical ionization (electrophoresis)

51
Q

What is the difference between the principle applied in the electrophoresis and the agents

A

Utilizes electricity

52
Q

Solutions used for electrolytic decalcification

A

Formic acid, HCL, distilled water

53
Q

More concentrated acid solution

A

Decalcify more rapidly but is more harmful to the tissue

54
Q

Higher concentration and greater amount of fluid

A

Increase speed of process

55
Q

Ratio fluid to tissue volume for decalcification

56
Q

If temperature is 37C

A

Impaired nuclear staining of Van Gieson’s stain for collagen fibers

57
Q

If temperature is 55C

A

Tissue will undergo complete digestion within 24-48 hrs

58
Q

If temperature is 18-30C

A

Optimum temperature= RM temp

59
Q

It accelerates the rate of diffusion and speeds up the calcification

A

Mechanical agitation

60
Q

_______ in size and consistency of tissues will require longer periods for complete decalcification

61
Q

The ideal time required for decalcifying tissue

62
Q

These are usually require up to 14 days or longer in order to complete the process

A

Dense bone tissues

63
Q

Test for completeness of decalcification

A

Physical/ mechanical- most inaccurate
X-ray/ radiological- expensive
Calcium oxalate test- recommended for routine purposes

64
Q

The appearance needed to know if the decalcification is complete

65
Q

For post decalcification remove acid by saturated_________ or 5-10% aqueous NaHCO3 for several hours then use running tap water

A

Lithium carbonate solution

66
Q

What are the tissue softeners

A

Perenyi’s fluid
4% aqueous phenol
Molliflex
2% HCl
1% HCl in 70% alcohol

Histopath (8 decks)

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