DDS LEC semisolid dosage forms Flashcards
1
Q
- consisting of oil, oily or greasy
A
Oleaginous
2
Q
having the quality of softening or soothing the skin
A
Emollient
3
Q
forming a protective layer on the surface of the skin and creating a
barrier to prevent moisture loss.
A
Occlusive
4
Q
agents that permit the mixing of two or more
immiscible substances.
A
Emulsifying agents
5
Q
is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible
(unmixable or unblendable
A
Emulsion
6
Q
passing through the skin.
A
Percutaneous
7
Q
- Are semisolid dosage forms intended for topical applications
- Skin, placed on the surface of the eye, or use nasally, vaginally or rectally.
- Used for both local and systemic effects.
A
Ointment, Creams, and Gels
8
Q
- Intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
- May be medicated or not.
- Unmedicated ointments are used for the physical effects they provide:
protectants, emollients and lubricants.
A
Ointments
9
Q
What are the ointment bases
A
used for physical effects
used for vehicles for medicated ointments
10
Q
Ointment Bases
Classification
A
Oleaginous Bases
Absorption Bases
Water soluble Bases
Water removable Bases
11
Q
Are also termed hydrocarbon bases
A
Oleaginous bases
12
Q
They have an emollient effect (soothing)
A
Oleaginous bases
13
Q
Protect against the escape of moisture, are effective as occlusive (protective
coating on the surface of the skin), can remain on the skin for long periods
without drying out
A
Oleaginous bases
14
Q
Difficult to wash off because of their immiscibility with water
A
Oleaginous Bases
15
Q
obtained from petroleum; also known as yellow petrolatum and
petroleum jelly.
A
Petrolatum
16
Q
obtained from petroleum; has been wholly or nearly
decolorized; considered more aesthetically pleasing due to its lighter color.
A
White petrolatum
17
Q
Also known as white petroleum jelly.
A
White petrolatum
18
Q
obtained from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera.
Also called simple ointment; has a slightly greater viscosity than plain
petrolatum.
A
Yellow ointment
19
Q
What is Apis Mellifera
A
Honeycomb of the bee
20
Q
Substitution of white wax (bleached and purified yellow wax)
A
White ointment
21
Q
What are the 2 types of absorption bases?
A
A. Anhydrous bases like water in oil emulsions
B. Those that are already water in oil emulsion
22
Q
What are the examples of water in oil emulsions?
A
hydrophilic petrolatum
23
Q
What are the examples of already water in oil emulsion that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions?
A
Lanolin
24
Q
Why does absorption bases are not easily removed from the skin with water?
A
because the external phase of the emulsion is oleaginous
25
What are the examples of absorption bases?
Hydrophillic petrolatum
Lanolin
26
What is Hydrophillic petrolatum referred to as?
Aquaphor
Aquabase
27
Define Lanolin?
its is obtained from the wool of the sheep and is a purified waxlike substance that has been cleansed, deodorized and decolorized, its contains not more than 0.25% of water
28
What are oil in water emulsion referred to as?
creams
29
External phase emulsion is ____, they are easily washed from the skin and are often called water- washable bases.
aqueous
30
What are the examples of water removable bases?
Hydrophilic ointments
31
* Do not contain oleaginous components.
* Completely washable and often referred to as greaseless.
* Because they soften greatly with the addition of water, large amounts of
aqueous solutions are not effectively incorporated into these bases.
* Mostly used for incorporation of solid substances.
Water soluble bases
32
What are the examples of water soluble bases?
Polyethylene glycol ointment
33
Oil in water?
Hydrophilic ointment
34
Water in oil?
Eucerin
35
Anhydrous Absorption?
Aquaphor
36
Hydrocarbon?
White petrolatum
37
What methods are employed in the incorporation of solids?
Levigation and geometric dilution
38
What are the Levigating agents used in the incorporation of solids?
Mineral oil
Glycerin
39
For bases which oils are the external phase
mineral oil
40
For bases which water is the external phase?
Glycerin
41
Example of gummy material?
camphor
42
Pulverization by intervention?
Incorporation of solids
43
* Liquids are added only after due consideration of an ointment base’s
capacity to accept the volume required.
* Only very small amounts of an aqueous solution may be incorporated
into an oleaginous ointment.
Incorporation of liquids
44
* Whereas, hydrophilic ointment bases readily accept aqueous solutions.
Incorporation of Liquids
45
Alcoholic solutions of small volume may be added easily to oleaginous
vehicles or emulsion bases.
Incorporation of liquids
46
All or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted
together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
Fusion
47
What is added last when the temperature of the mixture is low enough to cause decomposition or volatilization?
Heat-labile
Volatile components
48
it is done in a porcelain dish or glass breaker, once congealed rubbed with a spatula or mortar?
what scale is this?
small scale
49
Ointment mill?
what scale is this?
Large scale
50
In Fusion what are the medicated ointments and ointment bases containing components are processed by fusion?
Beeswax
Paraffin
Stearyl alcohol
high molecular Polyethylene glycol
51
What is the general rule of Fusion?
when high melting point its must be heated with lowest required temperature. the additional materials are added with constant stirring during the cooling of the melt until the mixture is congealed
52
What are the compendial Requirements for Ointments?
Microbial content
Minimum Fill
Packaging
storage
labelling
53
What are the antimicrobial preservatives?
Phenols
benzoic acids
parabens
54
with the exception of ophthalmic preparations, topical
applications are not required to be sterile. They must, however meet
acceptable standards for microbial content.
Microbial content
55
determines the net weight of the contents of filled containers
to ensure proper contents compared with the labeled amount.
Minimum Fill
56
Are semisolid preparations containing one or more medical agents
dissolved or dispersed in either an oil in water (o/w) emulsion or in a water
in oil (w/o) emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
Creams
57
find primary application in topical skin products and in products
used rectally and vaginally
Creams
58
What are the examples of Creams?
Cold creams (w/o)
Hydrophilic ointment (o/w)
59
Generally described as either nonwashable or washable
Creams
60
An aqueous external phase (o/w) creams are hard to remove?
true or false?
false
(Aqueous external phase is easily removed than one with nonaqueous external phase (w/o)
61
sometimes called as jellies?
Gels
62
Are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in
an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent.
Gels
63
What are the gelling agents?
Carbomer 934
derivatives of cellulose
64
What are the derivatives of cellulose?
carboxymethylcellulose
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
65
Define single phase gels?
gels in which macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout the liquid
66
a gel mass consisting of floccules of small distinct particles, reffered to as magma
Two phase gels
67
what are the examples of two phase gels?
milk of magnesia
68
What do gels form?
thixotrope/thixotropy
69
Is a time-dependent shear thinning property
Thixotrope
70
When agitated or stressed what does the gel become?
it becomes thinner and less viscous
71
what are the microbial preservatives in gel?
methylparabens
propylparabens
chlorhexidine gluconate
72
What is the stabilizer used in gels
edetate disodium
73
Medicated gels may be prepared for administration by various routes. What are these routes?
skin
eye
nose
vagina
rectum
74
when it is termed as the topical oromucosal routes what does this relate to?
oral cavity
75
What is the application of paste?
skin
76
They generally contain a larger proportion of solid material than ointments
and therefore are stiffer?
Paste
77
Prepared in the same manner as ointments
Paste
78
they remain in place after application
and are effectively employed to absorb serous secretions
Paste
79
Not suitable for application to hairy parts of the body
Paste
80
Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a backing material of
paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic
Plaster
81
What are the backing material of paster?
paper
fabric
moleskin
plastic
82
Are applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site.
Plaster
83
What are the examples of Plaster?
Salicylic Acid (keratolytic) plaster
84
What is the use of keratolytic plaster?
for the toes for the removal of corns
85
Are plastic masses containing gelatin (15%), glycerin (40%), water (35%),
and an added medical substance (10%) such as zinc oxide.
Glycerogelatins
86
what are the follwing application for glycerogelatins?
when applied it is usually covered in bandages to remain in place for weeks
87
What are the examples of glycerogelatins?
zinc gelatin
88
What is the treatment for varicose ulcers?
zinc gelatin
89
What is the major route of opthalmic ointments and gels?
cornea via simple diffusion
90
What are the other alternative routes in the application of opthalmic ointments and gels?
Sclera and Conjuctive
91
What is more capable than penetration? Lipohilic or Hydrophilic?
Lipophilic drugs
92
What are the three layers of cornea?
Lipophilic epithelial layer
Hydriphilic stromal layer
Less lipophilic endothelial layer
93
Ocular drug penetration is limited due to?
Shortage of residence time
94
Rapid removal in opthalmic ointment and gels?
natural mechanisms
or tearing
95
what are the Ointment base selection
Non irritating to the eye
Should have a softening point close to body temperature
96
What are the bases used in ophthalmic ointment and gels
Mixtures of white petrolatum and liquid petrolatum
Lanolin
polyethylene glycol
mineral oil
97
What are the test?
Sterility Test
Metallic particles
98
Topical application to the perianal
area and for insertion within the anal
canal.
Rectal preparations
99
uses of rectal preparations?
* Anorectal pruritis
* Inflammation
* The pain and discomfort
associated with hemorrhoids
100
The vaginal surface is lined with squamous epithelium cells and mucous
produce from various underlying glands
Vaginal preparations
101
What are the topical products used to treat in vaginal preparations?
* Vulvovaginal infections
* Vaginitis
* Conditions of endometrial atrophy
102
What are the examples of the products of vaginal preparations?
Nystatin
clotrimazole
miconazole
clindamycin
sulfonamides
