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TT BL and DD Exam1 > DD 3 chemical mediators of inflammation > Flashcards

DD 3 chemical mediators of inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Non-neoplastic processes that incite an inflammatory response. how?

A

Developmental, traumatic, degenerative, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, toxic-metabolic, other:

—> leukocyte activation

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2
Q

What is a sarcoid?

A

Abnormal collection of inflammatory cells

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3
Q

Ex. of sentinal cells that produce mediators of inflammation

A

mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

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4
Q

3 categories of chemical mediators

A
  1. Local-cell derived
  2. Liver/plasma derived
  3. exogenous sources
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5
Q

Which of the 3 categories of chemical mediators account for the majority of mediators?

A

Local-cell derived

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6
Q

What are some examples of exogenous sources that can act as mediators of inflammation?

A

a. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides/endotoxins, others

b. Tissue debris (lipids, proteins)

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7
Q

4 major categories of Local cell derived chemical mediators of inflammation?

A
  1. vasoactive amines
  2. lipids
  3. peptides and polypeptides
  4. oxygen-based moieties
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8
Q

2 examples of vasoactive amines as a chemical mediators of inflammation.
why are they important?

A

Histamine, Serotonin

  • most important actions on blood vessels
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9
Q

3 examples of lipids as a chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Leukotrienes
  3. Platelet activating factor
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10
Q

5 examples of peptides and polypeptides as a chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Bradykinin
  2. Interleukin - a (cytokine)
  3. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) - a (cytokine)
  4. Substance P
  5. Cytoplasmic enzymes
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11
Q

2 examples of oxygen based moieties as a chemical mediators of inflammation

A

activated oxygen species

nitric oxide

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12
Q

What are the actions of Local/Inflammatory Cell-Derived chemical mediators?

A
  1. Vessel effects (local effect)
  2. Inflammatory cell effects
  3. Tissue/microbe damage (local effect)
  4. Bronchial smooth muscle effects
  5. Physiologic (systemic effects)
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13
Q

Cells responsible for the synthesis of Local/Inflammatory Cell-Derived chemical mediators?

A
  1. Macrophages (mainly)
  2. mast cells, basophils, platelets
  3. sensory nerve endings
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14
Q

Cells responsible for producing Histamine?
Serotonin?
Substance P?

A

□ Histamine - made by mast cells, basophils, platelets
□ Serotonin - platelets
□ Substance P -from sensory nerve endings

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15
Q

Cells responsible for producing
prostaglandins?
Leukotrienes?
platelet activating factor?

A

prostaglandins - mast cells, leukocytes
Leukotrienes - mast cells, leukocytes
platelet activating factor - mast cells, leukocytes

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16
Q

Cells responsible for producing

Platelet activating factors?
Complement?
Kinins?

A

Platelet activating factors - leukocytes, mast cells
Complement - plasma
Kinins - plasma

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17
Q

Action of histamine?

A

vasodilation,
increased vascular permeability,

chemotaxis

endothelial activation

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18
Q

Action of Prostaglandin?

A

Vasodilation, pain, fear

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19
Q

Action of Leukotrienes?

A

Increased vascular permeability,

chemotaxis,

leukocyte adhesion

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20
Q

Action of Cytokines (TNF, IL-1, Il-6)?

Local and systemic

A

local: endothelial activation
systemic: fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension

21
Q

What type of mediator is TNF? Interleukins?

22
Q

Action of chemokines

A

chemotaxis,

leukocyte activation

23
Q

Action of platelet-activating factor

A

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability

chemotaxis

leukocyte adhesion
degranulation

24
Q

Action of complement

A

vasodilation

leukocyte chemotaxis and activation
direct target killing (MAC)

25
Actions of Kinins
vasodilation increased vascular permeability smooth muscle contraction - potent vasodilator --> drop bp --> sm contracts pain
26
Examples of preformed mediators
histamine, serotonin, lysosomes
27
Difference between basophils and mast cells?
basophils: circulating mast cells: tissue based - both make histamine
28
Examples of newly synthesized on demand mediators.
``` Eicosanoids, Platelet Activating Factor, Activated oxygen species, nitric oxide, cytokines ```
29
Eicosanoid types
``` prostaglandins leukotrienes thromboxanes lipoxins prostacyclin ```
30
Systemic/liver derived mediators
bradykinin coagulation factors complements : MAC (C3, C5), anaphylaxatoxins
31
Steps of Coagulation systems/thrombin
Protease activated receptor (PAR) → activates Thrombin protease→ cleaves fibrinogen → produce fibrin (expressed on platelets and leukocytes) → forms clot
32
Steps of fibrinolytic system/plasmin
Cleave Plasminogen → produce plasmin → cleave C3 → C3a
33
Critical step in complement activation: what happens to its products
proteolysis of C3 (most abundant) → via active enzyme C3 convertase = C3a and C3b C3a: released C3b: covalently attach to cell or molecule @ complement activation site → C5 convertase → C5a and C5b
34
Do complements function in innate or adaptive immunity?
Both
35
Steps of kinin system/bradykinin
Kallikrein proteases → cleave kininogen → bradykinin
36
What are kinins?
vasoactive peptides derived from plasma proteins
37
What mediators are responsible for smooth muscle contraction?
Histamine Serotonin Eicosanoid kinins
38
Are platelet activating factors responsible for vasodilation?
yes Platelet activating factor (in ↓amounts)
39
What mediators are responsible for vascular permeability
``` Histamine Serotonin Eicosanoid - LT Platelet activating factor (in ↓ amounts) Kinins ```
40
What mediators are responsible for vascoconstriction
platelet activating factor (in high amounts)
41
What mediators are responsible for chemotaxis?
SPENCH ``` Serotonin Platelet activating factor Eicosanoid - LT Nitric Oxide (NO) - iNos Chemokines Histamine ```
42
What mediators are responsible for microbial effect/tissue damage?
``` Reactive O2 species Nitric Oxide (NO) - iNos ```
43
How are Lymphocytes mediators?
They are mediators of adaptive immunity → defense against infectious pathogens
44
Which chemical mediators are involved in vasodilation?
``` Histamine Prostaglandins Platelet activating factor (in ↓amounts) Kinins Complements Eicosanoid - PGI2 Nitric Oxide (NO) - I, e, n ```
45
Are leukotrienes involved in vasodilation?
No. | prostaglandin is though!
46
Serotonin is not a vasodilator. True/false
True
47
Is serotonin a vasodilator?
no
48
Leukotriene is a vasodilator. True false?
False. | Not a vasodilator

TT BL and DD Exam1 (23 decks)

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