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TT BL and DD Exam1 > DD 3 chemical mediators of inflammation > Flashcards

DD 3 chemical mediators of inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Non-neoplastic processes that incite an inflammatory response. how?

A

Developmental, traumatic, degenerative, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, toxic-metabolic, other:

—> leukocyte activation

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2
Q

What is a sarcoid?

A

Abnormal collection of inflammatory cells

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3
Q

Ex. of sentinal cells that produce mediators of inflammation

A

mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

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4
Q

3 categories of chemical mediators

A
  1. Local-cell derived
  2. Liver/plasma derived
  3. exogenous sources
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5
Q

Which of the 3 categories of chemical mediators account for the majority of mediators?

A

Local-cell derived

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6
Q

What are some examples of exogenous sources that can act as mediators of inflammation?

A

a. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides/endotoxins, others

b. Tissue debris (lipids, proteins)

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7
Q

4 major categories of Local cell derived chemical mediators of inflammation?

A
  1. vasoactive amines
  2. lipids
  3. peptides and polypeptides
  4. oxygen-based moieties
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8
Q

2 examples of vasoactive amines as a chemical mediators of inflammation.
why are they important?

A

Histamine, Serotonin

  • most important actions on blood vessels
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9
Q

3 examples of lipids as a chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Leukotrienes
  3. Platelet activating factor
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10
Q

5 examples of peptides and polypeptides as a chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Bradykinin
  2. Interleukin - a (cytokine)
  3. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) - a (cytokine)
  4. Substance P
  5. Cytoplasmic enzymes
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11
Q

2 examples of oxygen based moieties as a chemical mediators of inflammation

A

activated oxygen species

nitric oxide

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12
Q

What are the actions of Local/Inflammatory Cell-Derived chemical mediators?

A
  1. Vessel effects (local effect)
  2. Inflammatory cell effects
  3. Tissue/microbe damage (local effect)
  4. Bronchial smooth muscle effects
  5. Physiologic (systemic effects)
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13
Q

Cells responsible for the synthesis of Local/Inflammatory Cell-Derived chemical mediators?

A
  1. Macrophages (mainly)
  2. mast cells, basophils, platelets
  3. sensory nerve endings
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14
Q

Cells responsible for producing Histamine?
Serotonin?
Substance P?

A

□ Histamine - made by mast cells, basophils, platelets
□ Serotonin - platelets
□ Substance P -from sensory nerve endings

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15
Q

Cells responsible for producing
prostaglandins?
Leukotrienes?
platelet activating factor?

A

prostaglandins - mast cells, leukocytes
Leukotrienes - mast cells, leukocytes
platelet activating factor - mast cells, leukocytes

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16
Q

Cells responsible for producing

Platelet activating factors?
Complement?
Kinins?

A

Platelet activating factors - leukocytes, mast cells
Complement - plasma
Kinins - plasma

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17
Q

Action of histamine?

A

vasodilation,
increased vascular permeability,

chemotaxis

endothelial activation

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18
Q

Action of Prostaglandin?

A

Vasodilation, pain, fear

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19
Q

Action of Leukotrienes?

A

Increased vascular permeability,

chemotaxis,

leukocyte adhesion

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20
Q

Action of Cytokines (TNF, IL-1, Il-6)?

Local and systemic

A

local: endothelial activation
systemic: fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension

21
Q

What type of mediator is TNF? Interleukins?

A

Cytokines

22
Q

Action of chemokines

A

chemotaxis,

leukocyte activation

23
Q

Action of platelet-activating factor

A

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability

chemotaxis

leukocyte adhesion
degranulation

24
Q

Action of complement

A

vasodilation

leukocyte chemotaxis and activation
direct target killing (MAC)

25
Q

Actions of Kinins

A

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability

smooth muscle contraction
- potent vasodilator –> drop bp –> sm contracts

pain

26
Q

Examples of preformed mediators

A

histamine, serotonin, lysosomes

27
Q

Difference between basophils and mast cells?

A

basophils: circulating
mast cells: tissue based

  • both make histamine
28
Q

Examples of newly synthesized on demand mediators.

A 
Eicosanoids, 
Platelet Activating Factor, 
Activated oxygen species, 
nitric oxide, 
cytokines
29
Q

Eicosanoid types

A 
prostaglandins
 leukotrienes
 thromboxanes
 lipoxins
 prostacyclin
30
Q

Systemic/liver derived mediators

A

bradykinin
coagulation factors
complements : MAC (C3, C5), anaphylaxatoxins

31
Q

Steps of Coagulation systems/thrombin

A

Protease activated receptor (PAR) → activates Thrombin protease→ cleaves fibrinogen → produce fibrin (expressed on platelets and leukocytes) → forms clot

32
Q

Steps of fibrinolytic system/plasmin

A

Cleave Plasminogen → produce plasmin → cleave C3 → C3a

33
Q

Critical step in complement activation: what happens to its products

A

proteolysis of C3 (most abundant) → via active enzyme C3 convertase = C3a and C3b

C3a: released

C3b: covalently attach to cell or molecule @ complement activation site → C5 convertase → C5a and C5b

34
Q

Do complements function in innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Both

35
Q

Steps of kinin system/bradykinin

A

Kallikrein proteases → cleave kininogen → bradykinin

36
Q

What are kinins?

A

vasoactive peptides derived from plasma proteins

37
Q

What mediators are responsible for smooth muscle contraction?

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Eicosanoid
kinins

38
Q

Are platelet activating factors responsible for vasodilation?

A

yes Platelet activating factor (in ↓amounts)

39
Q

What mediators are responsible for vascular permeability

A 
Histamine
Serotonin
Eicosanoid - LT
Platelet activating factor (in ↓ amounts)
Kinins
40
Q

What mediators are responsible for vascoconstriction

A

platelet activating factor (in high amounts)

41
Q

What mediators are responsible for chemotaxis?

A

SPENCH

Serotonin
Platelet activating factor
Eicosanoid - LT
Nitric Oxide (NO) - iNos
Chemokines
Histamine
42
Q

What mediators are responsible for microbial effect/tissue damage?

A 
Reactive O2 species
Nitric Oxide (NO) - iNos
43
Q

How are Lymphocytes mediators?

A

They are mediators of adaptive immunity → defense against infectious pathogens

44
Q

Which chemical mediators are involved in vasodilation?

A 
Histamine
Prostaglandins
Platelet activating factor (in ↓amounts)
Kinins
Complements
Eicosanoid - PGI2
Nitric Oxide (NO) - I, e, n
45
Q

Are leukotrienes involved in vasodilation?

A

No.

prostaglandin is though!

46
Q

Serotonin is not a vasodilator. True/false

A

True

47
Q

Is serotonin a vasodilator?

A

no

48
Q

Leukotriene is a vasodilator. True false?

A

False.

Not a vasodilator

TT BL and DD Exam1 (23 decks)

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