BL

Question 1

What is considered peripheral blood?

What is considered peripheral tissue?

Answer 1

Peripheral blood: blood in arteries and veins

Peripheral tissue: The local area/tissue you are referring to

Question 2

Leukemia

Answer 2

(“white blood”)

malignant cells arise from bone marrow → blood stream

Question 3

Lymphomas

Answer 3

(“extramedullary”): collection of malignant lymphoid cells (usually lymph nodes/organs) outside of bone marrow

Question 4

Hemostasis

Answer 4

the arrest of bleeding → allows blood to clot

Question 5

Normal adult ranges for WBC and RBCs? Include units.

Answer 5

WBC (10^9/L)
Male + Female: 4.0 – 11.1

RBC (10^12/L)
Male: 4.8 – 6.0
Female: 4.2 – 5.6

Question 6

Normal adult ranges for HGB and HCT? Include units.

Answer 6

HGB (g/dL)
M: 14.3 – 18.1
F: 12.1 – 16.3

HCT (%)
M: 39.2 – 50.2
F: 35.7 – 46.7

Question 7

Normal adult ranges for MCV and MCH? Include units.

Answer 7

MCV (fL)
Mean Corpuscular Volume
80.0 – 100.0
80.0 – 100.0

MCH (pg)
Mean Corpuscular Hb
27.5 – 35.1
27.5 – 35.1

Question 8

What is MCV? How do you calc it?

Answer 8

Mean size of RBC

MCV = HCT / RBC

Question 9

What is MCH? How do you calc it?

Answer 9

Mean quantity of Hb in a RBC

MCH = Hb / RBC

Question 10

How is the typical platelet count in blood? Include units

Answer 10

150-400 x 10^9 /L

Question 11

Would you expect to see larger or smaller central pallor in microcytic hypochromic smears?

Answer 11

Larger central pallor

RBCs are smaller due to lower Hb levels. Hb is what makes the blood appear red. less Hb = whiter (paler) RBC

Question 12

What type of shapes would you expect to see RBCs with an:
ankyrin mutation?
spectrin mutation?

Answer 12

ankyrin mutation - spherocytes
- hereditary spherocytosis

spectrin mutation - elliptical
- Hereditary Elliptocytosis

Question 13

What cell morphology would you expect in GDPD deficiency?

Answer 13

bite cells, blister cells, microspherocytes, heinz bodies possible

Question 14

List their “common” names.
Schistocytes
Echinocytes
Acanthocytes

Answer 14

Schistocytes “helmet cells”
- fragmented

Echinocytes “Burr cells”
- sharp projections

Acanthocytes “Spurr cells”
-blunt projections

Question 15

What three anemias are you likely to see target cells?

Answer 15

Iron deficiency
thalassemia
sickle cell anemia

Question 16

What gives basophilic stipling its appearance? What anemia will you find associated with it?

Answer 16

blue dots: ribosomes

lead intoxication, sideroblastic anemia

Question 17

What gives howell-jolly bodies their appearance?

Answer 17

nuclear DNA remnant = 1 dense blue dot

During maturation in the bone marrow late erythroblasts normally expel their nuclei, but in some cases a small portion of DNA remains.

Its presence usually signifies a damaged or absent spleen.

Question 18

What cell types would you expect to see in Iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 18

Hypochromic, Increase of central area of pallor, bike tires, small cells, fragmented cells, target cells

Question 19

What cell types would you expect to see in anemia of chronic diseases?

Answer 19

Hypochromic

Question 20

What cell types would you expect to see in lead intoxication anemia?

Answer 20

Hypochromic, Basophilic stippling

Question 21

What cell types would you expect to see in B12 and folate deficiency anemia?

Answer 21

Macrocytic ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils, pancytopenia

Question 22

What cell types would you expect to see in AIHA deficiency anemia?

Answer 22

Spherocytes, tear drops, bite cells, anisocytosis

Question 23

What cell types would you expect to see in Sickle Cell anemia?

Answer 23

Sickle, schistocytes, polychromasia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, target cells

Question 24

What cell types would you expect to see in Anemia due to renal dysfunction?

Answer 24

Normochromic, Burr cells present, Thrombocytopenias

Question 25

cathelicidin protein families

Answer 25

(CATionic HELICal) proteins antimicrobial peptides found in lysosomes of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).

Question 26

What do your Innate sensors detect on membranes to inactivate, destory and remove? (3 of them)

Answer 26

i. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) ii. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) iii. No signal than NK cells recognize them

Question 27

What are the PAMP, DAMP, and NK cells recognized by? Describe what it actually recognizes.

Answer 27

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on membrane i. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - Foreign molecular structures on pathogens recognized by PRRs ii. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) - Stress/damage indicator molecules from body cells recognized by PRRs iii. Absence of normal cell surface molecules recognized by NK cells

Question 28

Example of Pattern recognition receptor? What do they recognize?

Answer 28

Toll like receptors (TLRs) recognize PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 29

final transcription factor that is most commonly activated in inflammation

Answer 29

NF-KB --> inflammation

Question 30

Two words to describe chemokines

Answer 30

chemotactic cytokines | they are able to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells

Question 31

Do B cells require recognition of MHC molecules?

Answer 31

No, just T cells

Question 32

If you have chronic inflammation, what happens to serum Fe and Ferritin resulting in anemia of chronic diseases?

Answer 32

Inflammation → IL-6 → high levels of Hepcidin → decreases ferroportin → inhibits intestinal iron absorption → low serum Fe, but high Ferritin → Anemia of chronic diseases

Question 33

What anemia are you likely to see spherocytes?

Answer 33

AIHA HS G6PD deficiency - microspherocytes