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cfomV > Day 4: RBC > Flashcards

Day 4: RBC Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is __% of Body Weight

A

7%

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2
Q

Blood is 56% ______ and 44% ______

A

PLASMA; CELLS

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3
Q

plasma is 91% ______, 7%_______, and 2%_____

A

Water
Protein
urea, glucose, ions etc

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4
Q

plasma protein is 55% ______, different _____, and very little ______

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

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5
Q

Cells in the blood are predominantly _____, a considerable amount of _____, and a few _____

A

RBC
platelets
WBC

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6
Q

WBC are mainly ______, 35% _______, a few ____ and ______ and just 1% ______

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes& eosinpohils
basophils

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7
Q

RBC shape is maintained by (4)

A

(1) ATP levels
(2) Calcium concentrations- entry of large amount of calcium causes spikey membrane echinocytes
(3) Spectrin- less amount of spectrin causes spherocytes
(4) Hemoglobin

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8
Q

RBC’s metabolic energy is derived from ____

A

anaerobic glycolysis

glucose->lactate

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9
Q

What is the main usage of the energy derived from anaerobic glycolysis in RBC?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

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10
Q

What other gradient is important to maintain in RBC?

A

keeping calcium outside of the cell because it causes crosslinking of membrane proteins

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11
Q

Name (3) metabolic processes necessary for RBC function

A

Rapaport-Luebering Shunt
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

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12
Q

What is the function of the Rapaport -Luebering Shunt?

A

It produces 2,3 DPG and that influences the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen via action of enzyme Diphosphoglyceromutase

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13
Q

What is the function of the Methemoglobin reductase pathway?

A

Diaphorase is an enzyme which restores methemoglobin (ferric) to its reduced (ferrous) form, using NADH, a by product of glycolysis, as a reducing agent

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14
Q

What is the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt?

A

NADPH, a by product of the phosphogluconate pathway, is used to reduce GSSG (glutathione) to GSH which protects Hemoglobin and RBC from oxidation.

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15
Q

Deficiency in enzyme _____ can block NADPH formation and hence reduction of glutathione and cause hemolytic anemia

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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16
Q

What is a normoblast

A

a nucleated erythrocyte precursor

17
Q

__% of RBC in circulation are reticulocytes

A

2%

18
Q

what is makes up hemoglobin?

A

A tetramic protein of 2alpha and 2beta globin

heme- a porphyrin ring structure containing iron

19
Q

In the normoblast, the alpha and beta globins are produced on _____ while the porphyrin ring is made in _____

A

ribosomes

mitochondria

20
Q

what are the three sources of iron

A

(1) dead RBC
(2) body stores
(3) diet

21
Q

How does the normoblast get the iron

A

Transferrin, a protein, carries the iron and binds to a receptor on the normoblast to insert the iron

22
Q

the lifespan of a RBC is

A

120 days

23
Q

what is intravascular hemolysis? what is extravascular hemolysis? which is more common?

A

destruction of freely circulating blood cells
phagocytosis of blood cells mainly in the spleen
extravascular hemolysis

24
Q

what binds hemoglobin dimers after a RBC binds

A

Haptoglobin

25
Q

what is hemoglobinuria?

A

when hemoglobin from lysed RBC exceeds the haptoglobin present to bind it and take it to liver for destruction so it is filtered into urine by kidneys

26
Q

what happens to the porphyrin ring

A

the ring breaks and releases CO2, it then becomes bilirubin and binds plasma albumin to be transported to liver where it is conjugated with glucoronic acid and becomes bilirubin glucoronide. Then it becomes part of bile and goes into the GI where it becomes urobilinogen and is excreted.

27
Q

how can anemias be classified?

A

(1) insufficient RBC

(2) insufficient Hemoglobin

28
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

Anemia caused by a Vitamin B12 deficiency which could be due to a lack of Intrinsic Factor which allows B12 to be absorbed from gut. B12 is needed for erythrocyte proliferation in marrow

29
Q

What is thallasemia?

A

when alpha and beta globin is deficient, which leads to destruction of RBC precursors.

30
Q

what is hemolytic anemia?

A

abnormally rapid destruction of RBC.

31
Q

what three abnormalities can cause hemolytic anemia?

A

(1) membrane abnormality - spherocytes
(2) hemoglobin abnormality -sickle cell
(3) metabolic abnormality- G6P deficiency

cfomV (6 decks)

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