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RHSC 420 > Day 1 (overview of CNS, cell physiology, development of NS and Meninges) > Flashcards

Day 1 (overview of CNS, cell physiology, development of NS and Meninges) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are part of the cerebrum (forebrain?) (5)

A 
Frontal lobe 
Parietal Lobe 
Temporal Lobe 
Occipital Lobe 
Limbic Lobe
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2
Q

where is the frontal lobe and what does it contain?

A

Anterior to central sulcus; premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, primary motor area, Broccas area

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3
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what does it contain?

A

Posterior to central sulcus; primary somatosensory cortex, involved in orientation and language

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4
Q

Where is the temporal lobe and what does it contain?

A

inferior to the lateral fissure, contains the primary auditory cortex, also involved in memory and emotion

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5
Q

Where is the occipital cortex and what does it contain?

A

posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus; primary visual cortex

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6
Q

What is part of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

responsible for emotion and formation of memories

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7
Q

What is the basal ganglia? What are the names of its 3 nuclei

A

A collection of nuclei found at the base of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for our desire to move. Includes: globus palladus, putamen, caudate nucleus

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8
Q

What comprises the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus:
Hypothalamus:

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9
Q

what is the thalamus responsible for?

A

All sensory except olfactory & communication with motor and limbic system

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10
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

commands autonomic NS

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11
Q

Where is the cerebellum & what does it do?

A

Lower posterior part of the brain; balance and fine motor movements

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12
Q

What comprises the Brainstem?

What does it do?

A

medulla, pons & midbrain

cranial nerves live here, routing station, breathing, heartate, attention

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13
Q

Where are the 4 ventricles and what connects them?

A

2 lateral ventricles are C shaped and sit below the cerebral hemispheres; connected via the foramen of Monro
3rd ventricle is slit like in the diencephalon, connects via cerebral aquaduct
4th ventricle is in the pons/medulla- connects to central canal of SC

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14
Q

What is in the ventricles?

A

CSF

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15
Q

What comprises a synapse? (3)

A

A point of contact between two neurons

Presynaptic terminal, post synaptic site and synaptic cleft.

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16
Q

Where can post synaptic sites be found?

A

Usually on dendrites, but can also be on cell body

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17
Q

Cell body vs axon

A

Soma: contains nucleus and is the metabolic centre of the cell (grey matter)

Axon: supports propagation of electrical signal. Usually myelinated (white matter)

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18
Q

what are dendrites?

A

thin branched processes that receive input from other neurons

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons by SHAPE

A
  1. unipolar (only found in invertebrates)
  2. pseudounipolar
  3. bipolar neurons
  4. multipolar neurons
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20
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons by function?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent- carry info to the CNS)
  2. Motor (efferent- carry info away from the CNS)
  3. Interneurons (connect neurons together)
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21
Q

The CNS is mostly what type of neuron by function?

A

Interneurons

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22
Q

Which shape of neuron is the most common in vertebrates?

A

Multipolar neurons (ex: motor and interneurons are both this shape)

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23
Q

what shape of neuron are sensory/afferent neurons?

A

pseudounipolar

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24
Q

What is a ganglion/ganglia?

A

group of neuronal cell bodies usually OUTSIDE OF THE CNS (in the PNS)

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25
What is a nucleus?
a group of neuronal cell bodies usually inside the CNS
26
What is grey matter?
a description of cell bodies because they are not covered in white fatty myelin
27
What are the 5 ways to describe a bundle of axons?
``` Tract fasciculus fibers lemniscus white matter ```
28
Glutamate
Major excitatory transmitter in the brain
29
Acetylcholine
excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction in the ANS: involved in modulation of other NT activity; involved in attention and motivation
30
GABA
the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain
31
Glycine
major inhibitory transmitter in the SC
32
Seretonin
neuromodulator that is involved in multiple systems, including those that controlling appetite, sleep, mood and memory
33
Dopamine
Can be excitatory or inhibatory depending on the type of post synaptic receptor it binds to
34
true or false, a single neuron will only release one type of neurotransmitter
True- however, many different neurons may make synapses with each post synaptic neuron, and so it may receive different neurotransmitters from different presynaptic neurons
35
What are glia?
Non excitable cells of the nervous system. They are smaller and more neumerous than neurons and act to surround and support neurons
36
What are the 4 types of glia in the CNS
Astrocytes: most numerous type, provide physical support and provide firmness and structure around the brain; they also take up excess NT to limit the spread and duration of NT action. Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin sheaths to cover axons Microglia: smallest-mobilized after injury or infection to engulf remains Ependyma: line the cavities of the brain and produce CSF (ventricles)
37
What are the two types of glia in the PNS?
Schwann Cells- myelinate cells in the PNS | Satellite cells: provide support by wrapping around ganglia
38
If you have a lower membrane capitance propogation speed increases or decreases
increases
39
The prosencephalon turns into which structures?
telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, basal forebrain, olfactory bulb) Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus
40
the mesencephalon turns into which structures?
stays the mesencephalon (midbrain)
41
the rhombencephalon turns into which structures?
Metencephalon (cerebellum) | Mylencephalon (medulla)
42
What are the 3 types of spinabifida
1. Spina bifida occulta ( malformation of one vertebra) 2. Menigocele: swelling on back with CSF 3. Meningomyelocele: Swelling on back with meninges and part of the spinal cord
43
What is the arnold chiari phenomenon?
failure of caudal neuopore to close leading to meningomyelocele which means the spinal cord is pulled downwards; cerebellum and medulla are pushed down into foramen magnum leading to hyprocephalus
44
What happens when there is a failure of the rostral neuropore to close?
anencephaly (cerebral hemispheres absent)
45
What are the 4 types of Cerebral Palsy and what is the corresponding area of the brain affected?
Spastic - motor cortex Dyskenetic- basal ganglia Ataxic- cerebellum Mixed
46
What comes first, gastrulation or neurulation?
Gastrulation
47
What happens during gastrulation?
Formation of the primordial germ layers: | ectoderm (layers of skin and dermis & NS), mesoderm (skeletal muscle etc) and endoderm (viscera)
48
Which primordial germ layer turns into the nervous system?
ectoderm
49
What happens during neurulation?
the neural tube that will become the CNS is formed by the ectoderm folding in on itself
50
which way does the neural tube close during neurulation?
rostrally (top) to caudally (bottom)
51
What type of patterning do we see during neural tube closure?
sensory (dorsal- alar column that gives rise to sensory nuclei) and motor (ventral- basal column that gives rise to motor nuclei)
52
What happens during embryonic folding and vesiculation?
The 3 primary brain vesicles develop followed by the 5 secondary brain vesicles
53
the telencephalon is associated with which ventricle?
lateral ventricles
54
the diencephalon is associated with which ventricle?
third ventricle
55
the mesencephalon is associated with which ventricle structure?
cerebral aquaduct
56
the metencephalon is associated with which ventricle?
fourth ventricle
57
the myelencephalon is associated with which ventricle
fourth
58
What happens during ventricle formation and neural proliferation?
1. the neural tube widens in place to form the ventricles 2. there is massive neural proliferation (new neurons are formed from neural progenitor cells) and the spine (vertebral column) growth begins to outdistance the spinal cord
59
What is cell migration?
cells are normally formed by mitosis in the ventricular zone- as we continue to develop our developing neurons migrate away from the ventricular zone usually along fibers laid down by glial cells
60
What is axonal pathfinding
during development when our axons sense cues in the environment and grow towards those cues (NTs, etc); the cues can either be repulsive or attractive
61
What is synaptogenesis?
occurs with axonal pathfinding- when many synapses form. Over time the total amount of synapses are pruned to leave the most effective and specific connections between neurons
62
myelination of the spinal cord starts where and with what type of fibre?
myelination moves from cervical to lumbosacral | sensory fibres are myelinated first
63
when is myelination complete?
not until late teens
64
Draw a diagram including the following structures surrounding the brain: epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
see lab 1b for diagram
65
What is between the two fused layers of the dura mater?
dural venous sinuses- channels into which cerebral veins empty
66
in the brain, is the epidural space real or not?
it is not real- there is only a space with a bleed- epidural hematoma
67
what are the dural reflections? what is their job?
they are folds of dura mater that project into spaces in the brain they provide mechanical support to the brain by restricting its movement.
68
What are the three main reflections and where are they anatomically?
falx cerebri- between cerebral hemispheres tentorium cerebelli- between cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum falx cerebelli- between two cerebellar hemispheres
69
What is the name of the inner pieces of connective tissue that are in the subarachnoid space and connect to the pia mater?
arachnoid trabeculae
70
what fills the subarachnoid space?
CSF
71
what is a subarachnoid cistern?
regions with deep fissures (ex: between inferior surface of the cerebellum and the medulla)
72
at the inferior end of the spinal cord, the arachnoid mater encloses a large cistern called what?
lumbar cistern
73
what is the name of the small projections of arachnoid mater that protrude into dural venous sinuses? What are they sites for?
arachnoid villi reabsorption of CSF into the venous system large villi are called arachnoid granulations
74
what does the pia mater in the spinal cord extend to form? what do they do?
denticulate ligaments | anchors the spinal cord to he dura and holds it in place within the vertebral column.
75
what is the filum terminale and what does it do?
it is a projection of pia mater at the inferior end of the spinal cord- it connects the end of the spinal cord to the inferior end of the vertebral canal.
76
If the brain itself has no pain receptors, how does the pain from headaches arise? (3)
via an activation of pain receptors in the meninges or nasal sinuses, or from dilation of cerebral arteries brain tumors that lead to increase intracranial pressure stretching the dura mater can also cause headaches alcoholic headaches are due to toxic effect of alochol on the meninges
77
What is meningits?
an inflammation of the meninges leading to headaches, stiff neck, confusion and drowsiness
78
What causes meningitis?
usually either a bacterial infection or viral infection
79
which menigial structures specifically are usually affected by meningitis?
inflammation of the subarachnoid space' therefor the pia mater and arachnoid mater are both affected.

RHSC 420 (8 decks)

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