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RHSC 420 > Day 1 (overview of CNS, cell physiology, development of NS and Meninges) > Flashcards

Day 1 (overview of CNS, cell physiology, development of NS and Meninges) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are part of the cerebrum (forebrain?) (5)

A 
Frontal lobe 
Parietal Lobe 
Temporal Lobe 
Occipital Lobe 
Limbic Lobe
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2
Q

where is the frontal lobe and what does it contain?

A

Anterior to central sulcus; premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, primary motor area, Broccas area

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3
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what does it contain?

A

Posterior to central sulcus; primary somatosensory cortex, involved in orientation and language

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4
Q

Where is the temporal lobe and what does it contain?

A

inferior to the lateral fissure, contains the primary auditory cortex, also involved in memory and emotion

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5
Q

Where is the occipital cortex and what does it contain?

A

posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus; primary visual cortex

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6
Q

What is part of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

responsible for emotion and formation of memories

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7
Q

What is the basal ganglia? What are the names of its 3 nuclei

A

A collection of nuclei found at the base of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for our desire to move. Includes: globus palladus, putamen, caudate nucleus

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8
Q

What comprises the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus:
Hypothalamus:

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9
Q

what is the thalamus responsible for?

A

All sensory except olfactory & communication with motor and limbic system

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10
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

commands autonomic NS

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11
Q

Where is the cerebellum & what does it do?

A

Lower posterior part of the brain; balance and fine motor movements

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12
Q

What comprises the Brainstem?

What does it do?

A

medulla, pons & midbrain

cranial nerves live here, routing station, breathing, heartate, attention

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13
Q

Where are the 4 ventricles and what connects them?

A

2 lateral ventricles are C shaped and sit below the cerebral hemispheres; connected via the foramen of Monro
3rd ventricle is slit like in the diencephalon, connects via cerebral aquaduct
4th ventricle is in the pons/medulla- connects to central canal of SC

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14
Q

What is in the ventricles?

A

CSF

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15
Q

What comprises a synapse? (3)

A

A point of contact between two neurons

Presynaptic terminal, post synaptic site and synaptic cleft.

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16
Q

Where can post synaptic sites be found?

A

Usually on dendrites, but can also be on cell body

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17
Q

Cell body vs axon

A

Soma: contains nucleus and is the metabolic centre of the cell (grey matter)

Axon: supports propagation of electrical signal. Usually myelinated (white matter)

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18
Q

what are dendrites?

A

thin branched processes that receive input from other neurons

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons by SHAPE

A
  1. unipolar (only found in invertebrates)
  2. pseudounipolar
  3. bipolar neurons
  4. multipolar neurons
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20
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons by function?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent- carry info to the CNS)
  2. Motor (efferent- carry info away from the CNS)
  3. Interneurons (connect neurons together)
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21
Q

The CNS is mostly what type of neuron by function?

A

Interneurons

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22
Q

Which shape of neuron is the most common in vertebrates?

A

Multipolar neurons (ex: motor and interneurons are both this shape)

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23
Q

what shape of neuron are sensory/afferent neurons?

A

pseudounipolar

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24
Q

What is a ganglion/ganglia?

A

group of neuronal cell bodies usually OUTSIDE OF THE CNS (in the PNS)

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25
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

a group of neuronal cell bodies usually inside the CNS

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26
Q

What is grey matter?

A

a description of cell bodies because they are not covered in white fatty myelin

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27
Q

What are the 5 ways to describe a bundle of axons?

A 
Tract
fasciculus
fibers
lemniscus
white matter
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28
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory transmitter in the brain

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29
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction in the ANS: involved in modulation of other NT activity; involved in attention and motivation

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30
Q

GABA

A

the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain

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31
Q

Glycine

A

major inhibitory transmitter in the SC

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32
Q

Seretonin

A

neuromodulator that is involved in multiple systems, including those that controlling appetite, sleep, mood and memory

33
Q

Dopamine

A

Can be excitatory or inhibatory depending on the type of post synaptic receptor it binds to

34
Q

true or false, a single neuron will only release one type of neurotransmitter

A

True- however, many different neurons may make synapses with each post synaptic neuron, and so it may receive different neurotransmitters from different presynaptic neurons

35
Q

What are glia?

A

Non excitable cells of the nervous system. They are smaller and more neumerous than neurons and act to surround and support neurons

36
Q

What are the 4 types of glia in the CNS

A

Astrocytes: most numerous type, provide physical support and provide firmness and structure around the brain; they also take up excess NT to limit the spread and duration of NT action.
Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin sheaths to cover axons
Microglia: smallest-mobilized after injury or infection to engulf remains
Ependyma: line the cavities of the brain and produce CSF (ventricles)

37
Q

What are the two types of glia in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells- myelinate cells in the PNS

Satellite cells: provide support by wrapping around ganglia

38
Q

If you have a lower membrane capitance propogation speed increases or decreases

A

increases

39
Q

The prosencephalon turns into which structures?

A

telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, basal forebrain, olfactory bulb)
Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus

40
Q

the mesencephalon turns into which structures?

A

stays the mesencephalon (midbrain)

41
Q

the rhombencephalon turns into which structures?

A

Metencephalon (cerebellum)

Mylencephalon (medulla)

42
Q

What are the 3 types of spinabifida

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta ( malformation of one vertebra)
  2. Menigocele: swelling on back with CSF
  3. Meningomyelocele: Swelling on back with meninges and part of the spinal cord
43
Q

What is the arnold chiari phenomenon?

A

failure of caudal neuopore to close leading to meningomyelocele which means the spinal cord is pulled downwards; cerebellum and medulla are pushed down into foramen magnum leading to hyprocephalus

44
Q

What happens when there is a failure of the rostral neuropore to close?

A

anencephaly (cerebral hemispheres absent)

45
Q

What are the 4 types of Cerebral Palsy and what is the corresponding area of the brain affected?

A

Spastic - motor cortex
Dyskenetic- basal ganglia
Ataxic- cerebellum
Mixed

46
Q

What comes first, gastrulation or neurulation?

A

Gastrulation

47
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

Formation of the primordial germ layers:

ectoderm (layers of skin and dermis & NS), mesoderm (skeletal muscle etc) and endoderm (viscera)

48
Q

Which primordial germ layer turns into the nervous system?

A

ectoderm

49
Q

What happens during neurulation?

A

the neural tube that will become the CNS is formed by the ectoderm folding in on itself

50
Q

which way does the neural tube close during neurulation?

A

rostrally (top) to caudally (bottom)

51
Q

What type of patterning do we see during neural tube closure?

A

sensory (dorsal- alar column that gives rise to sensory nuclei) and motor (ventral- basal column that gives rise to motor nuclei)

52
Q

What happens during embryonic folding and vesiculation?

A

The 3 primary brain vesicles develop followed by the 5 secondary brain vesicles

53
Q

the telencephalon is associated with which ventricle?

A

lateral ventricles

54
Q

the diencephalon is associated with which ventricle?

A

third ventricle

55
Q

the mesencephalon is associated with which ventricle structure?

A

cerebral aquaduct

56
Q

the metencephalon is associated with which ventricle?

A

fourth ventricle

57
Q

the myelencephalon is associated with which ventricle

A

fourth

58
Q

What happens during ventricle formation and neural proliferation?

A
  1. the neural tube widens in place to form the ventricles
  2. there is massive neural proliferation (new neurons are formed from neural progenitor cells) and the spine (vertebral column) growth begins to outdistance the spinal cord
59
Q

What is cell migration?

A

cells are normally formed by mitosis in the ventricular zone- as we continue to develop our developing neurons migrate away from the ventricular zone usually along fibers laid down by glial cells

60
Q

What is axonal pathfinding

A

during development when our axons sense cues in the environment and grow towards those cues (NTs, etc); the cues can either be repulsive or attractive

61
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

occurs with axonal pathfinding- when many synapses form. Over time the total amount of synapses are pruned to leave the most effective and specific connections between neurons

62
Q

myelination of the spinal cord starts where and with what type of fibre?

A

myelination moves from cervical to lumbosacral

sensory fibres are myelinated first

63
Q

when is myelination complete?

A

not until late teens

64
Q

Draw a diagram including the following structures surrounding the brain:
epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

A

see lab 1b for diagram

65
Q

What is between the two fused layers of the dura mater?

A

dural venous sinuses- channels into which cerebral veins empty

66
Q

in the brain, is the epidural space real or not?

A

it is not real- there is only a space with a bleed- epidural hematoma

67
Q

what are the dural reflections? what is their job?

A

they are folds of dura mater that project into spaces in the brain

they provide mechanical support to the brain by restricting its movement.

68
Q

What are the three main reflections and where are they anatomically?

A

falx cerebri- between cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli- between cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum
falx cerebelli- between two cerebellar hemispheres

69
Q

What is the name of the inner pieces of connective tissue that are in the subarachnoid space and connect to the pia mater?

A

arachnoid trabeculae

70
Q

what fills the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

71
Q

what is a subarachnoid cistern?

A

regions with deep fissures (ex: between inferior surface of the cerebellum and the medulla)

72
Q

at the inferior end of the spinal cord, the arachnoid mater encloses a large cistern called what?

A

lumbar cistern

73
Q

what is the name of the small projections of arachnoid mater that protrude into dural venous sinuses? What are they sites for?

A

arachnoid villi
reabsorption of CSF into the venous system
large villi are called arachnoid granulations

74
Q

what does the pia mater in the spinal cord extend to form? what do they do?

A

denticulate ligaments

anchors the spinal cord to he dura and holds it in place within the vertebral column.

75
Q

what is the filum terminale and what does it do?

A

it is a projection of pia mater at the inferior end of the spinal cord- it connects the end of the spinal cord to the inferior end of the vertebral canal.

76
Q

If the brain itself has no pain receptors, how does the pain from headaches arise? (3)

A

via an activation of pain receptors in the meninges or nasal sinuses, or from dilation of cerebral arteries

brain tumors that lead to increase intracranial pressure stretching the dura mater can also cause headaches

alcoholic headaches are due to toxic effect of alochol on the meninges

77
Q

What is meningits?

A

an inflammation of the meninges leading to headaches, stiff neck, confusion and drowsiness

78
Q

What causes meningitis?

A

usually either a bacterial infection or viral infection

79
Q

which menigial structures specifically are usually affected by meningitis?

A

inflammation of the subarachnoid space’ therefor the pia mater and arachnoid mater are both affected.

RHSC 420 (8 decks)

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