Day 1- Immunology, History, and Pathogens Flashcards
Treatment for group A strep Pyrogens
Penicillin- Amoxicillin
Treatment for asymptomatic chlymidia
Azithromyocin, sometimes doxycycline
BUT if pregnant- cant use doxy, so use azithromycin
Can you use doxycycline in pregnancy?
NO- don’t use it in pregnant women. BUT if you have something very bad, treat anyway w doxy
Treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
Also treat for chlamydia though, treat for both (so, ceftriaxone and azithromycine (or doxy, the alternate from azithro)).
What do you also treat with gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Treat at same time
What happens to your T cells if youre born without a thymus
The T cells cant mature and you probably won’t live
What happens to the immune system after a splenectomy
Significantly weakened immune system
SIRS (Systemic immune response system) is accompanied by which symptoms? Is this caused by pathogens?
Elevated HR, RR, fever
Not only pathogens cause this inflammatory response, but burns could result in this too.
In older patients, they may not show all the signs of SIRS but could have very bad sepsis (and only have tachycardia and tachypenea).
Which bacteria is specifically related to abscesses
Staph aureus
Causes neutrophils to explode and phagocotyze.
What kind of paralysis does botulism cause
Flaccid paralysis
What kind of paralysis does botulism cause
Flaccid paralysis
Teatnus causes spastic paralysis
What is the antibody in acute vs late infection
IgM early, IgG late
Symptoms of TB
Night sweats, fever, coughing up blood
Living in crowded situations, poor hygiene causes it (Prison inmate, homeless people most common)
Bordatella is caused by what
Pertussis
Variola virus causes what
smallpox
What is the major pathogen that causes mortality due to bacteria with drug resistant strains
Clostridium difficile
This one organism makes up many deaths of all the deaths due to mortality
Tx of it: PO vanco
What is the #1 bacterial killer in the world
TB
Lots of drug resistance
Mycobacterium TB causes it
AFB stain (Acid-Fast Bacilli) detects TB
What does shigella do to increase its virulance
It can resist stomach acid to improve its ability to cause outbreaks
What is the #1 cause of UTIs
E. coli
What is the #1 treatment for UTIs
Bactrim (TMP-SMX)
What is the antibiotic treatment of choice for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with HIV?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Which infection is an AIDS-defining condition?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
How do you diagnose osteomyelitis
X-ray, periosteum is inflamed and thickened, bone is newly formed in response
Staph aureus causes
What test is the most common method of confirming the diagnosis of disseminated infection caused by mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in persons with HIV?
Blood cultures
Fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light suggest which disorder
Meningitis
Someone with extensive burns may have what symptoms
low grade fever, increased heart and respiratory rate, and elevated WBCs with or without infection due to systemic inflammation
Elderly patients will always have a fever with bacterial sepsis, true or false
False- elderly patients may not have a fever with bacterial sepsis
Neutrophilia with a left shift suggests what kind of an infection
Bands and neutrophilia suggest Bacterial infection
Esoinophilia suggests what kind of infection
helminthic infection
Most agents that target TB work to target which part of the cell wall
Mycolic acids in the cell wall
What vaccines are specifically directed against capsules
Strep pneumoniae
Hemophilius Influenza B
Neisseria Meningitidis
If you don’t have a spleen, these are the big 3 problematic organisms
Endotoxin (LPS) is a major cause of what
Septic shock: fever, shock, hypotension, and DIC
Lipid A is the toxic part of LPS
Cytokine storm
Activates TF to cause DIC
Exceptions of anaerobes that are not part of normal human flora
Botulism and Teatnus (Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani)
Found in soil
What are the big 3 medically important illnesses
Tb, HIV, Maleria(not a bacteria– parasite)
Where is the majority of maleria and majority of deaths in the world
Africa
What amount of Africa is resistant to chloroquine resistant maleria, and how do you treat it?
Almost all of africa is Chloroquine resistant, so you treat with Artemisinin based combindation therapy (Artemether-lumefantrine, coartem)
Anyone who gets maleria from africa should use the Artemether-lumefanterinecoartem
