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RHSC 420 > Day 1 > Flashcards

Day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In neurulation - which part forms the epidermis?

A

Epidermal ectoderm

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2
Q

Describe the process of neurulation

A
  1. Neural groove forms in neural ectoderm, neural fold forms @ same time
  2. Epidermis forms, neural crest cells start to migrate
  3. Neural tube fully forms, neural crest cells migrate
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3
Q

At what point does neurulation begin?

A

3-4 weeks

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4
Q

How does neural development begin (prior to neurulation?)

A

3 layer embryo = endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

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5
Q

What will endoderm eventually form?

A

Digestive system, lining the lungs, urethra, glands, bladder

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6
Q

What will mesoderm eventually form?

A

muscles, bones, heart, lungs, reproductive system, excretory system

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7
Q

What will ectoderm eventually form?

A

skin, nails, hair, and all parts of NS

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8
Q

What embrionic layer encloses the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm (neural)

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9
Q

What remains after closure of neural tube?

A

Cervical and rostral closures (they remain open until the 26th day of development

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10
Q

How does the organization of the neural tube reflect that of the mature SC?

A

Posterior cells = sensory, anterior cells = motor

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11
Q

What happens to the neural tube at the end of the 4th week?

A 
Vesiculation!
Rostral end bulges and forms:
1) Forebrain (prosencephalon)
2) Midbrain (mesencephalon)
3) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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12
Q

What happens to the neural tube at 5-6 weeks development?

A

Devides into 5 secondary vesicles

1) telencephalon (cortex and other deeper features)
2) diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
3) mesencephalon (mibrain)
4) metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
5) Myelencephalon (medulla)

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13
Q

What is the process of forming different bulges/parts of the neural tube CALLED?

A

Vesiculation

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14
Q

What happens after vesiculation?

A

Continued development…
Neural tube widens to form ventricles
Neural proliferation

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15
Q

How does neural proliferation occur/what does it entail?

A

Neurons are formed from neural progenitor cells

1) Progenitor cells do mitosis and form one progenitor cells (which continues to divide) and one neuron (does not divide) or glial cell

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16
Q

What are somites?

A

Balls of tissue under conscious control

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17
Q

What type (structural) of neurons are most sensory neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar

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18
Q

What type (structural) of neuron are most of our neurons (aside from sensory)?

A

Multipolar

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19
Q

Do humans have unipolar neurons?

A

No - none in vertebrates

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20
Q

What type of cells in our bodies are bipolar neurons?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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21
Q

List all of the CNS glia

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

22
Q

List the PNS glia

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

23
Q

Fxn of astrocytes?

A

Janitors of the CNS (mop up extra neurotransmitter)

Provide structural support

24
Q

Fxn of microglia?

A

Macrophages of the CNS

25
Q

Fxn of ependymal cells?

A

Produce CSF (they line ventricles)

26
Q

Fxn of oligodendrocytes?

A

Wraps axons with myelin (1 olig. can wrap many axons)

27
Q

Fxn of Schwann cells?

A

Myelination in the PNS

28
Q

Fxn of satellite cells?

A

Wrap around peripheral ganglia

29
Q

What is the difference between ganglia and nuclei?

A

Ganglia are outside CNS, nuclei are inside CNS

30
Q

What is occuring neurophysiologically in MS?

A

The immune system sees myelin as foreign and attacks it

31
Q

What are some sx of MS?

A

Fatigue, diplopia (double vision), cognitive sx.

32
Q

List the steps in the timeline of neural development

A
  1. Cleavage
    • patterning starts in cleavage and blastulation - division of cells and polarity developing
  2. Blastulation
  3. Implantation
  4. Gastrulation
    • primitive streak
    • notocord
    • somites
  5. Neurulation
    • tube formation
    • neural crest cells
  6. Embryonic folding
  7. Vesiculation
33
Q

What does Gastrulation form?

A

3 primordial layers

  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
34
Q

When do the rostral and caudal neuropores close?

A

Rostral: day 24
Caudal: day 26

35
Q

How do the cells organize themselves in the neural tube during neurulation?

A
  1. Alar column is dorsal/posterior/sensory

2. Basal column is ventral/anterior/motor

36
Q

When are the ventricles formed?

A

During neural proliferation (growth) after vesiculation completes

37
Q

What do the ventricles develop from?

A

from the canal of the neural tube

38
Q

What happens during/after cell proliferation?

A 
Cerebral folding (weeks 12-onward)
Cell migration (weeks 12-onward)
Axonal pathfinding (weeks 12-onward)
39
Q

What is occuring in neural development from 6mo-18+years?

A

Synaptogenesis

Cell differentiation into neurons and glia

40
Q

Development of what areas continues beyond the late teen years?

A

Frontal lobe

Hippocampal area

41
Q

At what stage does myelination occur?

A

4 months gestation to 2 years post-partum

42
Q

Which fibers are myelinated first?

A

Spinal cord: Sensory, then motor (corticospinal fibers myelinated by 2 years)

Brain: very little myelination of brain by birth, fibers of basal ganglia first, very little cerebral fxn, mostly reflexes, respiration, sucking, swallowing

43
Q

Why does Spina Bifida occur?

A

Failure to close caudal neuropore

44
Q

What are the types of Spina Bifida and their clinical implications?

A

1) Occulta - gap in arches of vertebral columns, may be marked by tuft of hair, not clinically significant
2) Meningocele - Bulge of meninges creating meningeal cavity (SC not bulging out)
3) Myelomeningocele - bulge of meninges and cauda equina and maybe even small portion of SC
- Can result in nerve impingement
- Can cause Arnold Chiari phenomenon where SC and brain are pulled caudally causing hydrocephalus

45
Q

What can occur due to failure to close the rostral neuropore?

A

Anencaphaly - deadly

46
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

A group of motor disorders

- Caused by damage to brain in utero or shortly after birth

47
Q

List some of the types of cerebral palsy and the associated brain areas

A

1) Spastic CP (M1 - lack inhibition)
2) Dyskinetic CP (basal ganglia - uncontrollable mvmt)
3) Ataxic CP (cerebellum - poor balance/coordination)

48
Q

Within the meninges of the brain, which are real and false spaces?

Describe how the false spaces can become real?

A

1) Epidural - false space, swells with bleeding of meningeal artery
2) Subdural space - false space, shearing of bridging vein can cause subdural bleed
3) Subarachnoid space - real space, if there is a bleed here it free bleeds due to the amount of space which is very dangerous

49
Q

Describe the 2 important parts of the periosteal dura (in the brain)

A

Falx cerebelli: separates hemispheres of cerebrum

Tentorium cerebri: supports weight of cerebrum above cerebellum

50
Q

What do the falx cerebrum and tentorium cerebelli create space for?

A

They create caverns which provide space for venous sinuses to run through

51
Q

What is the fxn of arachnoid granulations?

A

Reabsorb CSF

52
Q

What space does the Pia Mater in the brain form?

A

Perivascular space: surround blood vessels as they exit the brain

RHSC 420 (13 decks)

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