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RHSC 420 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Name all of the components of the Basal Ganglia

A 
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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2
Q

What is the name of the Globus Pallidus and Putamen put together?

A

Lentiform or Lenticular nucleus

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3
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Enabling wanted movements while inhibiting unwanted movements

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4
Q

What is the most anterior portion of the caudate combined with the putamen called?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?

A

Plays a role in motivation and reward system of the brain

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6
Q

Where is the subthalamic nucleus located?

A

just below the thalamus, and just above the substantia nigra

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7
Q

What part of the Globus Pallidus is involved in the Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia?

What is it’s function?

A

GP internal

Function is tonic inhibition - inhibition is removed when the striatum sends inhibitory signals to GPi

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8
Q

List the steps in the Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Cortex sends excitatory signal to Striatum
  2. Striatum has inhibitory neurons - inhibitory neurons from Striatum fire on GPi
  3. GPi is inhibited (it normally inhibits the Thalamus at rest, so it will stop inhibiting)
  4. Thalamus will become excited because it’s no longer being inhibited
  5. Thalamus sends excitatory signal to the cortex
    * *At same time, Subthalamic nucleus provides tonic stimulation of DA neurons from Substantia Nigra - they are firing on Striatum resulting in increased movement
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9
Q

Describe the steps in the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Excitatory input from the cortex to the striatum
  2. Striatum sends inhibitory input to GPe
  3. GPe is inhibitory at rest, now it is allowed to excite the Subthalamic Nucleus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus excites GPi (GPi is inhibitory, when excited, it provides MORE inhibition)
  5. GPi inhibits the Thalamus
  6. Thalamus inhibits the cortex
  • At same time, Substantia Nigra is still providing dopamine input to Striatum to increase mvmt.
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10
Q

What are the two parts of the Substantia Nigra?

A

Reticular

Compact

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11
Q

What is the function of the Compact part of the SN?

A

Provides dopaminergic stimulation of the Striatum via the Nigrostriatal pathway

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12
Q

What happens with destruction of the Nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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13
Q

What are the functions of the reticular part of the Substantia Nigra?

A 
Cognitive and emotional function
Muscle tone (output to reticular formation)
Eye movement
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14
Q

What is the impact of the Nigrostriatal tract on

a) Indirect pathway
b) Direct pathway

A

a) decreases indirect pathway output
b) increases direct pathway output

either way, the result = more movement

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15
Q

How can dysfunction in the basal ganglia affect muscle tone?

A
  • Increase general tone in flexors and extensors (rigidity)
  • Increase tone in just some muscles (leads to dystonia, abnormal fixed postures)
  • May also lead to decreased tone
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16
Q

2 general classes of disorders caused by Basal Ganglia damage?

A

Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic

17
Q

What is Bradykinesia?

A

Slowed movement

18
Q

Name 3 features of hypokinetic disorders

A

Bradykinesia
Akinesia
Rigid movement

19
Q

What causes Parkinsons, what type of disorder is it, and what are the symptoms?

A

Cause: destruction of nigrostriatal pathway

Hypokinetic disorder

Symptoms:

  • Pill-rolling tremor (resting tremor)
  • Tremor reduces during voluntary movement
  • Bradykinesia or Akinesia
  • Rigid slow movement, but normal strength and reflexes
20
Q

How is Parkinson’s treated?

A

With L-Dopa (DA precursor that can cross the BBB)

21
Q

What is Athetosis?

A

Slow, writhing movements - mostly in hands and fingers

22
Q

What are some typical symptoms of Hyperkinetic disorders?

A

Athetosis
Ballismus
Hemi-ballismus
Chorea

23
Q

What causes hemi-ballismus?

A

Lesion in the contralateral Subthalamic nucleus (normally it excites the inhibition of GPi)

24
Q

What is Huntington’s?

What are the symptoms?

How does it progress?

A

Is a hyperkinetic disorder

Involves chorea due to degeneration of the striatum

First neurons involved in the indirect pathway are impacted, then neurons in the direct pathway - this is why at the start it is a hyperkinetic disorder, but can progress to becoming hypokinetic

25
Q

Describe the difference between:

  • Spasticity
  • Dyskinesia
  • Ataxia
A
  • Spasticity occurs with corticospinal tract damage, velocity dependent resistance
  • Dyskinesia occurs with Basal Ganglia damage, is characterized by unwanted movements at rest, any rigidity is seen throughout the entire range
  • Ataxia occurs with cerebellar damage, characterized by uncoordinated movements when intending to move

RHSC 420 (13 decks)

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