Dawn - psych - quizlet questions Flashcards
What is the difference between aggregate, category, and group?
“1. Group - is a # of people (as few as two) who identify and interact (people studying with you)
- Aggregate - Includes people who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact (people in the library around you)
- Category - Shares certain characteristics, but does not regularly interact (everyone taking the mcat this year)
- MCAT LOVES TO TEST THIS”
What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?
"Primary: Family, close friends Size - usually smaller Interaction- Closer, personal, enduring relationships Longevity - Longer term Goal - Happy
Secondary: Coworkers, classmates, athletic team
Size - usually larger
Interaction- Impersonal, goal oriented
Longevity - Shorter tem
Goal - Accomplish a specific purpose or perform function”
What is the difference between in group, out group, and reference group?
“In group - any group a person belongs to and identifies with (people who take the MCAT)
Out group - any group a person does not belong or identifies with (lawyers)
Reference group - any group that one identifies with and compares themselves to, they may or may not actually be a member of this group (Doctor)
- MCAT LIKES THIS
- in group can be same as reference group”
What is culture?
”- Everything that is made, learned, and/or shared by the members of a society
- Including: beliefs, behaviors, values and material objects”
What is the difference between material culture and symbolic culture?
”- Material culture - Consists of concrete visible parts of culture, food, clothing, cars, weapons buildings (tangible)
- Symbolic culture - Values, beliefs, concepts and ideas shape who we are and make us diff. from other members of society (intangible aspects)
- AKA nonmaterial culture”
What is the difference between value and belief?
“1. Value - Culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
- How things should be (RIGHT OR WRONG)
2. Belief - Specific ideas that people hold to be true - Values support beliefs”
What is the difference between rituals, symbols and language?
“1. Rituals - Characterized by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance
- All known human societies have various rituals
- Rituals can be like handshaking (white coat ceremony)
2. Symbols - Cultural representations of reality
3. Language - Verbal and written expression that is culturally specific and meant to convey meaning about the world - Language is most powerful of all human symbols
- Source of continuity and identity”
What types of culture exist in society?
“1. Dominant culture - group whose members are in the majority or who wield more power than other groups
- Minorities can become dominant - white people held power in SA despite more black people
2. Subculture - lives differently from, but not opposed to, the dominant culture (little italy, chinatown)
3. Counter culture - subculture that opposes the dominant culture (black panthers, hippies)”
Evolution and human culture
”- Anthropologists initially believed that cultures evolve in the same way biological organisms evolve and that culture is a product of biological evolution
- Culture can be intentionally taught and spread from one group to another (unlike biological evolution)
- Greater behavior flexibility and adaptability = decreased influence of genetically encoded behaviors and the increased importance of learning and social interaction in transmitting and maintaining behavioral adaptations
- Complex interplay”
What is the difference between sex and gender?
“Female + No SRY gene (biologically female) = Cisgender
Female + Presence of SRY = transgender
Male + No SRY gene = Transgender
Male + Presence of SRY (biologically male) = Cisgender”
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
“Race
- Concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of physical characteristics
Ethnicity
- Members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions”
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
“Prejudice - attitude - preconceived judgements towards people based on their group membership, belief not behavior but can lead to discrimination
Discrimination - action - biased treatment of an individual based on group membership”
What is the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty?
”- Absolute poverty- inability to secure the basic necessities of life
- Relative poverty- inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a society (relative to those around you)”
What are the 3 P’s of SES?
“1. Prestige - ones reputation and standing in society - queen, Obama
- Power - ability to enforce ones will on other people
- Property - including possessions, income and other wealth”
What is social stratification?
“Caste system -> Class system -> Meritocracy
- Caste system - lower social mobility, less dependent on effort, social status defined by birth
- Class system - Some degree of social mobility, slightly dependent
- Meritocracy - higher social mobility, Dependent on effort, social status based on individual merit (not perfect, ideal system)”
What makes up social mobility?
“1. Physical capital - money, property, land other, physical assets - can turn this into social capital
- Cultural - non financial characteristics eval by society ( education, age experience)
- Social capital - whom you know, social networks - can turn this into cultural
- Human capital - relation to work spaces (workers ability to do the job)
Availability of health care vs accessibility of healthcare
“Availability - are there providers
Accessibility - Ability for someone to obtain existing resources across the US”
What are Gestalts principles?
”- How humans perceive stimuli as organized patterns and objects
- Similarity - items similar to one another grouped together
- Figure-ground relationship AKA Pragnanz - reality is often organized reduced to simplest form possible (Ex. Olympic rings)
- Proximity - objects that are close are grouped together
- Continuity - lines are seen as following the smoothest path
- Closure - objects grouped together are seen as a whole”
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
“1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Object permanence and stranger anxiety
2. Preoperational stage (2-7) - World and images represent things
- pretend play, egocentric and no empathy
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11) - Conservation and empathy
4. Formal operational (12+) - abstract consequences and moral reasoning”
What are freud’s stages of cognitive development?
“1. Oral (0-1)
- Anal (1-3)
- Phallic (3-6)
- Latency (6-12)
- Genital (12-death)”
What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
“1. Basic trust vs mistrust (0-1)
- Autonomy vs. Shame (1-2)
- Initiation vs. Guilt (3-5)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)
- Identity vs. Confusion (12-19)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-25)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (26-64)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65- death)”
What is the difference between alzheimers, parkinsons and korsakoffs syndrome?
“1. Alzheimers - dementia - decrease in cholinergic neurons (memory issues)
- Parkinsons - Loss of dopamine neurons (tremors, slowed movement/body issues)
- Korsakoff’s syndrome - Lack of thiamine (vit B1)
- Linked to chronic alcohol abuse”
What are the 4 theories of language?
“1. Learning (BF skinner) - Learn through operant conditioning (ie: thirst –> say drink –> get water) and imitation, prompting and shaping
- Motivating operations
- Discriminative stimuli
- Response
- Reinforcing
2. Nativist (Chomsky) - Biological basis - Innate ability to learn language (language acquisition device)
- Based on inference and not proven
3. Cognitive theory (Piagets) - Assimilation and accommodation to learn languages (develop mentally first) - Must make mental schemas to develop language
4. Interactionist theory (Vygotsky) - Social learning and zone of proximal development (ZPD) - level of development obtained (ie: difference between potential to learn and actual learning)
- Piaget underestimated importance of social interactions”
What is the sapir-whorf theory?
”- Structure of a persons language influences the way he or she perceives the world
- Mostly abandoned bc of limited support
- But shows that words in diff languages have diff meanings
- Related to linguistic relativity hypothesis (language influences the way people see the world)”
How is speech processed in the brain?
“1. Left hemisphere - functions of speech, language processing and comprehension and logical reasoning
2. Right hemisphere - emotional tone of speech, unable to process words and meaning independently”
What controls emotions?
”- Limbic system! (hippo wearing HAT)
- Hippocampus - forming new memories
- If destroyed old mems okay - Hypothalamus - Regulates ANS (fight or flight) and controls endocrine
- Amygdala - Aggression center
- Thalamus - Sensory relay system (except smell)”
What are Ekman’s 7 basic emotions?
“1. Happiness
- Sadness
- Fear
- Disgust
- Anger
- Surprise
- Contempt”
What are the 4 somatic theories of emotions?
”- Bodily responses (not cognitive interpretations) are essential to emotions
- James-lange theory - Physiological –> emotion (crying makes you sad)
- Cannon-bard - Physiological = emotion (same time)
- Schachter-singer- Physiological + cognitive –> emotion
- ie: context determines emotional significance - Lazarus theory - cognitive –> emotion + physiological
- experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labeled”
What are the two types of appraisal?
”- Talking about stressors
- Primary - judgement about the degree of potential harm or threat
- Secondary - judgement or options available to cope with stressor and perceptions of how effective options are”
What are the 5 schools of thought on motivation?
“1. Evolutionary - role instincts play in motivation. Think about baby, cries, sleep, eats. Basic instincts all humans have.
- Drive Reduction Theory - drives vs. needs.
- Need is lack or deprivation that will energize the drive, or aroused state
- Drive is what will reduce the need (Maintains homeostasis) - Optimum Arousal Theory - people want to reach full arousal/alertness.
- Drive to get full arousal, and natural high.
- Cognitive - thought processes drive behavior.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy”
What is the difference between distress and eustress?
“1. Distress = result of unpleasant stressor
2. Eustress = result of a positive stressor”
What are the theories of personality?
“1. Sigmund freud - Psychoanalytic theory - personality is shaped by persons unconscious thoughts, feelings and past memories
- Carl Rogers - Humanistic theory - humans are inherently good
- Drive by actualizing tendency (self actualization) –> innate drive to maintain and enhance ones self
- Focused on conscious - want ideal self and real self to match
- First person was MASLOW - Biological theory - inherited or determined by our genes
- Eysenck (difference in reticular formation) , Gray (3 brain systems - like fight or flight), Cloninger (brain systems in reward, low dopamine higher impulsivity) - Behaviorist - Skinner and Pavlov
- Trait theory - trait is a stable predisposition towards a certain behavior
- Allport
- Cattell
- Eysenck - 3 major dimensions of personality that we express differently - Social cognitive perspective - Bandura -
- Combine Observational learning + thinking and reasoning
- Bandora - Bobo dolls”
