Dawn - psych -

Question 1

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 1

Neuroplasticity refers to the brains ability to form multiple synaptic connections in regards to the information

Question 2

What are the stages of kohlbergs development?

Answer 2

Kohlberg postulated:

1. “pre-conventional” stage in which individuals focus on the direct consequences of actions
2. “conventional” stage where individuals believe society to be the main factor in determining whether an action is right or wrong
3. “post-conventional” stage where individuals focus on personal morality and universal ethical principles rather than on whether society would approve of their behavior.

Question 3

What is theory of mind?

Answer 3

Ability of a subject to understand that others have minds and to make inferences about intentions and actions of others
- ie: if observer watches another engage in a behavior it requires a theory of mind to draw the infrence that such behavior is intentional and aimed at a particular reward

Question 4

What is the difference between an associative punishment and a vicarious punishment?

Answer 4

1. Associative punishment - punishment that occurs when an organism exhibits behavior without the stimulus, NOT part of observational learning
2. Vicarious punishment - punishment observed as others are rewarded or punished
   - People then alter own behavior as if they have been rewarded or punished

Question 5

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law and what does this have to do with performance?

Answer 5

• Yerkes-Dodson law posits that performance depends on an optimal level of arousal – not too much, not too little.
• A task that is complex, novel, or difficult already creates a certain amount of stress and arousal, and being observed only increases this.
• Thus, on difficult tasks, being observed makes things worse.
• However, if a task is boring, rote, or simple, the task itself generates very little arousal, and being observed helps bring this level up and increase performance.

Question 6

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

Answer 6

1. Primary reinforcers are those things that are directly biological such as food, drink or sex
2. Secondary reinforcers are those things that are conditioned such as money or grades in school.

Question 7

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory and what type of memory are they?

Answer 7

• Declarative (explicit) memory –> controlled and effortful retrieval
  1. Episodic - personal experiences
  2. Semantic - facts, concepts and beliefs about the world

Question 8

How do you reduce interference?

Answer 8

• Have more specific verbal instructions
• Retroactive = new information is distorting recall of previous knowledge
• Proactive - older infromation makes it harder to remember new information
• INcreasing time would make it easier to overcome these

Question 9

What is incentive theory?

Answer 9

The incentive theory of motivation calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior.

Question 10

What is cultural capital?

Answer 10

Cultural capital refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.

Question 11

What is the difference between fMRI and MRI?

Answer 11

1. fMRI - fMRI is an imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
2. MRI - structure

Question 12

What structure is not a primary reward system?
A. Nucleus accumbens
B. Hypothalamus
C. Cerebellum
D. Amgydala

Answer 12

Cerebellum

Question 13

What is the core of the stress-depression connection?

Answer 13

• Recurrent depressive episodes and the hypothesis does not assume you can get rid of stressful events

Question 14

What is the difference between a unidirectional relationship and a reciprocal relationship?

Answer 14

1. Unidirectional relationship (stressor leads to depressive symptoms)
2. Reciprocal relationship - not only influence depression but could themselves be influenced by depression

Question 15

What is the difference between cultural diffusion, culture lag, and culture assimilation?

Answer 15

1. Cultural diffusion - spread of specific cultural phenomenon from one society to another. An example would be the spread of McDonald’s from the United States to the rest of the world
2. Cultural lag - tendency of material culture to evolve faster than symbolic culture
3. Culture assimilation - process by which one culture resembles another

Question 16

What is symbolic interactionism?

Answer 16

• Symbolic interactionism is the study of how people interact through the collective understanding of symbols and their meanings
  1) humans are social beings created through interaction with others and symbols
  2) humans take an active, thinking role in defining their present situations and do not interact with the environment directly
  3) humans have agency over their goals but in order to communicate they must learn the common symbolic language of a society.

Question 17

In the stereotype model, do these have high or low competence and warmth and what are they characterized by?
A. Admiration
B. Paternalism
C. Contempt
D. Envy

Answer 17

A. Admiration - which is marked by high competence and high warmth. Not competitive and respective
B: Paternalism is marked by low competence and high warmth, characterized as condescending.
C: Contempt is marked by low competence and low warmth, characterized by disdain.
D: Envy is marked by high competence and low warmth, characterized by jealousy and bitterness.

Question 18

"What is the difference between a 
A. a retrospective chart review.
B. a prospective chart review.
C. an embedded field study.
D. a longitudinal study."

Answer 18

“A. a retrospective chart review. - past records are examined
B. a prospective chart review. - proposed to review incoming data
C. an embedded field study. - researchers posed as patients
D. a longitudinal study. - analysis of participants over time.”

Question 19

"What is the difference between a
A. a moderating variable.
B. a mediating variable.
C. a confounding variable.
"

Answer 19

“A. a moderating variable - effects the interaction between IV and DV but does is not affected by IV (ie: ethnicity = IV —> pain meds (DV) and age would be a moderating)
B. a mediating variable. - explains the relationship between two other variables.
C. a confounding variable. - not typically of interest to the researcher but is an extraneous variable which is related to BOTH the dependent and independent variables”

Question 20

What are the stages of Cross’s Nigrescence model?

Answer 20

“1st. pre-encounter, African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled.

2. Encounter - induces identity change
3. Immersion-emersion - view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race
4. Internalization - integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.”

Question 21

"What are the following types of bias?
A. Reconstructive bias
B. Social desirability bias
C. Attrition bias
D. Selection bias "

Answer 21

“A. Reconstructive bias - our memory isnt as accurate as we think it is
B. Social desirability bias - we want to be liked so we respond a certain way
C. Attrition bias - occurs when participants drop out of long term experiment study
D. Selection bias - bias on how people are chosen to participate “

Question 22

What is deindividuation?

Answer 22

Deindividuation happens when a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldn’t normally act if they were alone. The review doesn’t describe whether or not the physicians engaged in unethical behavior, just if they witnessed it.

Question 23

What is the difference between conformity and obedience?

Answer 23

”- Obedience takes place when a person has the authority to directly compel someone to engage in a certain behavior that is madatory
- Conformity takes place when people privately disagree with a behavior but still goes along with the behavior of a normative social group “

Question 24

"What are the theories of emotion and how are they achieved for the following?
A. Schachter-Singer Theory
B. James-Lange theory
C. Cannon-Bard theory 
D.Yerkes-Dodson law"

Answer 24

“A. Schachter-Singer Theory - emotion processing has three distinct steps: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the situation, and the experience of the emotion,
B. James-Lange theory - behavioral and physiological aspects of emotion (like increased heart rate and shouting) lead to cognitive aspects of emotion (like understanding that a situation is scary and feeling afraid).
C. Cannon-Bard theory - physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur simultaneously and independently with behavior last
D.Yerkes-Dodson law - people tend to perform their best when they’re moderately emotionally stimulated. “

Question 25

What type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to behavior extinction (also used by casinos)

Answer 25

Variable ratio

Question 26

What is the stroop effect?

Answer 26

The Stroop effect describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information

Question 27

"Define these terms: 
A. Construct validity
B. External validity
C. Criterion validity
D. Randomization "

Answer 27

“A. Construct validity - participants measure something that the researcher did not intend to measure
B. External validity - generalizability of the research to settings beyond this study.
C. Criterion validity - whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome.
D. Randomization - the sample of participants was selected so that everyone in the population had an equal chance of being selected.”

Question 28

What is symbolic interactionism?

Answer 28

Symbolic interactionism is the view that an individual’s experiences influence his or her perceptions. Thus, an individual’s experience with race and class would influence how he or she perceives the images.

Question 29

What is the difference ebtween urbanization, vertical mobility, globalization and population growth?

Answer 29

“1. Urbanization - pattern of movement from rural areas to cities

2. Vertical mobility - movement from one social level to a higher one or a lower one by either changing jobs or marrying.
3. Globalization - increasing amount of interaction and integration on the international scale through exchange of products, services, ideas, and information.
4. Population growth - increase in the number of individuals within a population.”

Question 30

What is double approach-avoidance conflict?

Answer 30

Double approach avoidance conflict forces a choice between two options, both of which have appealing and unappealing characteristics (i.e. each one is an approach-avoidance conflict). Let’s say you have the choice between dating someone that looks smoking hot but will likely cheat on you, or someone who is ugly but will definitely be faithful: that’s a double approach-avoidance conflict.

Question 31

“What best describes the relationship between attribution theory and fundamental attribution error?

A. Attribution theory states that attribute phenotypes are associated with inner psychological functioning; fundamental attribution error refers to a misdiagnosis of psychological state based on overreliance on an attribute phenotype.
B. Attribution theory relates to an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them; fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another’s actions incorrectly by overemphasizing external events instead of internal characteristics.
C. Attribution theory relates to an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them; fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another’s actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.
D. Attribution theory states that attribute genotypes are associated with inner psychological functioning; fundamental attribution error refers to a misdiagnosis of psychological state based on overreliance on an attribute genotype. “

Answer 31

C

Question 32

What is the hawthrone effect?

Answer 32

The alteration of

behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed is known as the Hawthorne effect

Question 33

What is the hawthrone effect?

Answer 33

The alteration of

behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed is known as the Hawthorne effect

Question 34

What is a role set

Answer 34

Collection of behaviors, values and norms associated with a status, not the status itself

Question 35

What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?

Answer 35

”- Role strain - individual feels conflict between different requirements of one role
- Role conflict - clash between two separate roles “

Question 36

What is a utilitarian organization, coercive organization, and a normative organization?

Answer 36

”- utilitarian organization is one that pays its members, typically a business or
corporation.
- normative organization is composed of volunteers who
share a moral purpose or goal
- a coercive organization is formed of members who are forced
to join, such as prisoners.”

Question 37

What is the dramaturgical approach?

Answer 37

”- dramaturgical approach is a
subset of symbolic interactionism that proposes
that each individual plays a certain role according
to the circumstances and people surrounding
them
- ie: you act differently in different situations “

Question 38

What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?

Answer 38

"Primary: Family, close friends
Size - usually smaller
Interaction- Closer, personal, enduring relationships
Longevity - Longer term
Goal - Happy

Secondary: Coworkers, classmates, athletic team
Size - usually larger
Interaction- Impersonal, goal oriented
Longevity - Shorter tem
Goal - Accomplish a specific purpose or perform function”

Question 39

What is the difference between a group and an organization?

Answer 39

“1. Organizations have their own goals and cultures

• are larger than a group
• Continue to function even after some members leave or quit
• DO NOT have to have hierarchical structures, but typically do
  2. Groups - groups do not function after some members leave or quit “

Question 40

What is Social exchange theory?

Answer 40

“we form relationships bc they are necessary

• Do so by looking out for our best interests by exchanging goods
• Based on rational choice theory
• Human relationships are formed by the use of subjective costbenefit anaylsis and comparison of alternatives”

Question 41

What is the glass ceiling and what is the bamboo ceiling?

Answer 41

”- Glass ceiling describes the barriers that impede the ascension of women to higher positions in society.

• It is often applied to the observation that women in professional settings do not have as many opportunities for promotion compared to their male counterparts.
• The bamboo ceiling is a derivative of this term that refers to the similar barriers that restrict the opportunities for Asian Americans.”

Question 42

What is parallel play?

Answer 42

Parallel play is a normal part of the behavior of preschool children, in which they will play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response. Parallel play does not entail direct interaction between the children. As children reach school age, they are much more likely to engage in forms of play together.

Question 43

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion would suggest that any aggressive emotions that the children experience as a result of listening to aggressive music would:

A. entail simultaneous physiological arousal and a subjective feeling of aggression, which are separate and independent.
B. start with a physiological arousal, and this arousal would cause the aggressive emotions.
C. stimulate the parasympathetic autonomic response leading to an increased secretion of fight-or-flight hormones.
D. start with physiological arousal, and the children would then interpret that arousal given the environmental context.

Answer 43

A is correct. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion asserts that the physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of an emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate and independent of one another.

B: This more closely corresponds to the James-Lange theory of emotion.

C: It is the sympathetic, not the parasympathetic, nervous system that produces a fight-or-flight response.

D: This is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion.

Question 44

What is the difference between a tests reliability and validity?

Answer 44

• reliability (consistency) validity (accuracy)
• Students may be getting reliable, consistent scores over time, but if the test isn’t a true measure of their ability and skills, then it is not valid.

Question 45

Which of the following statements accurately describes a major assumption of the functionalist theory of social stratification?

I. Social stratification affects what people believe about themselves and others and influences their daily life, lifestyle choices, and interactions with others.

II. Social stratification is unnecessary and results from both lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and people of color.

III. Social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to be a part of the most important professions and occupations.

A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
D. I and III only

Answer 45

B is correct. Functionalist theories assert that aspects of culture are necessary and need-based.

Question 46

What could cause Country A to have a higher mortality rate but also be higher in all other measures of quality of life compared to Country B?

A. Country A has a higher immigrant population than Country B.
B. Country A has a higher fertility rate than Country B.
C. Country A has a higher median age than Country B.
D. Country A has a higher infant mortality rate than Country B.

Answer 46

C is correct. Having a higher median age suggests that people are more likely to die from age-related causes, leading to a higher mortality rate. However, affluent countries tend to have higher median ages than less affluent countries.

B. Higher fertility rates = lower quality of life
D. Higher infant mortality = lower quality of life

Question 47

Which of the following was NOT a finding by Harry Harlow in his experiments with rhesus monkeys and their pairing with a simulated mother made from wire (Wire Mother) or one made from soft cloth (Cloth Mother)?

A. Monkeys paired with Wire Mothers drank similar amounts of milk and grew at a rate comprable to monkeys paired with Cloth Mothers.
B. Monkeys paired with a Wire Mother sought soothing from their “mothers,” but at a rate less than monkeys paired with Cloth Mothers.
C. After early neglectful conditions, monkeys’ abnormal behavior could be corrected by pairing them with the appropriate simulated mother.
D. When given a choice, monkeys spent more time holding Cloth Mothers than Wire Mothers.

Answer 47

C is correct. In Harlow’s experiment, the infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this “contact comfort” was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother.

Question 48

What is the difference between 		
A. external validity.
B. face validity.
C. internal validity.
D. content validity.

Answer 48

A. external validity - degree to which the findings of a study are generalizable to the population as a whole
B. face validity - extent to which a study appears to assess what it is intended to assess—that is, more or less, the degree to which it “seems right” to participants and researchers
C. internal validity - degree to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study, which can include accounting for potential confounding variables
D. content validity. - study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant facets of the phenomenon it is intended to investigate

Question 49

Of the following theories, which provides the most applicable explanation for why some individuals interpret stigma negatively while others do not view stigma this way?

A. The James-Lange theory of emotion
B. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
C. The Darwinian theory of emotion
D. The cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Answer 49

D is correct. In the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, individuals make different interpretations about stimuli, such as interpreting stigma negatively or non-negatively.

A: In this theory, a physical sensation precedes the emotion. The question does not specify that a physical sensation is perceived.

B: In this theory, sensation and emotion are perceived independently.

C: Darwin studied the evolution of emotion, examining emotion from the perspective of its value in successful reproduction.

Question 50

What are Eriksson’s eight stages?

Answer 50

What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

1. Basic trust vs mistrust (0-1)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1-2)
3. Initiation vs. Guilt (3-5)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)
5. Identity vs. Confusion (12-19)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-25)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (26-64)
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65- death)

Question 51

What is general adaption syndrome?

Answer 51

• Created by Hans Selye to describe the body’s short-term and long-term reactions to stress
• Selye thought that the general adaptation syndrome involved two major systems of the body, the nervous system and the endocrine system.
• He then went on to outline what he considered as three distinctive stages in the syndrome’s evolution.
• He called these stages the alarm reaction (AR), the stage of resistance (SR), and the stage of exhaustion (SE).

Question 52

Define the following words in relation to cultures: 
A. Assimilation
B. Separation
C. Marginalization
D. Integration

Answer 52

A. Assimilation - individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture
B. Separation - rejecting the new culture and maintaining the native culture.
C. Marginalization - rejection of both cultures.
D. Integration - identifying with both cultures

Question 53

A surgeon suspects that the supernatural ability of a dowser to locate a hot coal buried in the ground is best explained by the presence of particularly sensitive thermoreceptors in their hands. Lesioning which area of the brain would best allow the surgeon to test her hypothesis?

A. Lateral geniculate nucleus
B. Hippocampus
C. Frontal lobe
D. Parietal lobe

Answer 53

D
- The parietal lobe integrates multiple inputs of sensory information, from spatial sense and navigation (proprioception) to temperature (thermoreceptors) and touch (mechanoreceptors). Lesioning this area of the brain would likely interfere with the dowser’s ability to detect hot objects, if this were the true basis of the ability.

Question 54

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 54

Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by Albert Bandura that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment.

Question 55

A shopper behaves very aggressively towards another shopper and, in response, the store manager refuses to sell a coveted toy to the shopper. This experience would most likely serve as:

A. positive punishment.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. negative punishment.
D. positive reinforcement.

Answer 55

C
- something is being taken away from the shopper – the opportunity to purchase a particular item – which makes this a negative reaction. Remember that positive responses in operant condition involve adding something (giving a food pellet, giving a shock) but negative ones involve removing somethings (removing a noxious noise, removing food). Since the action is something the shopper would not want, it is more likely that the aggressive behavior would decrease rather than increase, making it a punishment.

Question 56

What is social cognitive theory?

Answer 56

Social cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too.

Question 57

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 57

• subjectively vivid, compelling memories of details associated with reception of news about emotionally arousing events

Question 58

What is the difference between self verification and self serving bias?

Answer 58

1. Self verification - tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept
2. Self serving bias- tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors

Question 59

What does serotonin involved in?

Answer 59

• aggression and oppositional behaviors had the strongest association with the risk of hunger
• Serotonin is involved in the regulation of both mood (specifically, aggression) and appetite (it is also used to regulate intestinal movements)

Question 60

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 60

• Observer’s bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining another person’s behavior,
• ie: assume people are bad driving because they suck not because they are late for an appointment or something

Question 61

What is the difference between topdown and bottom up processing?

Answer 61

“1. Top down processing - occurs when you look for something specific and then respond to it (ie: knowing youre at a funeral and looking for the body then crying)
2. Bottom up processing - occurs when something unexpected
is noticed by the senses and catches your attention (ie: not knowing you’re at a funeral and seeing a body = crying) “

Question 62

What is general adaptive syndrome?

Answer 62

”- General adaptation syndrome defines a sequence of stages that occur following exposure to a stressor

1. Alarm stage
2. Resistance stage,
3. Exhaustion or recovery.
4. Depletion of the organism’s resources or successful physiological adaptation to the stressor, respectively.”

Question 63

What is Dispositional theory?

Answer 63

”- AKA trait theory

• is an approach to the study of human personality, which is primarily interested in the measurement of traits (i.e. habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion)
• According to this Trait theorists, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals, and influence behavior.”

Question 64

What is false consciousness?

Answer 64

”- False Consciousness is an idea from Marxism that refers to ideology dominating the consciousness of exploited groups and classes which, at the same time, justifies and perpetuates their exploitation.
- For example, workers in an electronics factory in China being told by their managers if they work harder and harder for low wages, they may be rewarded with the opportunity to be promoted. As a result, the workers see the factory managers as potential allies, not the opposition that exploits them.”

Question 65

What is ecological validity?

Answer 65

• findings from an experimental setting can be generalized to the environmental considerations in the real world.

Question 66

“Which of the following would likely decrease an individual’s self-efficacy in regard to a particular task?
A. Seeing a task performed successfully
B. Feeling that past failures were due to other individuals
C. Being offered positive encouragement by others
D. Learning stress-reduction techniques in regard to the task”

Answer 66

B is correct. This is an example of an external locus of control, which might increase an individual’s self-esteem, but would be expected to have a negative effect on self-efficacy.

Question 67

What do people with wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty with? and how is it different from broca’s aphasia?

Answer 67

“Expressing meaning through language

- Broca’s asphasia have trouble accomplishing sentences/ speech”

Question 68

What is referent power?

Answer 68

”- individual with referent power exerts control by appealing to others’ desire to belong to a group.
- This type of control is most likely to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable or feeling included and not knowledge or logic or evidence.”

Question 69

What is necessary to establish a meritocracy?

Answer 69

• Opportunity equality

Question 70

“When an odorous molecule binds to olfactory receptors, the cell transduces the information into an electrical signal that travels to the brain for processing. Which of the following accurately describes the state of the voltage-gated channels on this cell during the relative refractory period?

A. Na+ channels are de-inactivated, and K+ channels are activated.
B. Na+ channels are inactivated, and K+ channels are activated.
C. Na+ channels are de-inactivated, and K+ channels are inactivated.
D. Na+ channels are inactivated, and K+ channels are inactivated. “

Answer 70

A is correct. First, we need to understand the difference between the absolute and relative refractory periods. The absolute refractory period lasts nearly the entire duration of an action potential, during which time a second action potential cannot be generated. During this time, voltage-gated sodium channels are “inactivated.” If this term is not familiar, note that voltage-gated sodium channels have two gates that must be open for sodium to flow inward and depolarize the cell membrane. If the “inactivation gate” is closed, the channels are inactivated. If the inactivation gate is open but the activation gate is closed, the channel is “de-inactivated” — it isn’t inactivated, but it is not yet open either.

Question 71

where is sperm produced and by what cells?

Answer 71

• In seminiferous tubules by the sertoli cells (not leydig)

Question 72

“Researchers conduct an experiment to test the Cannon-Bard theory of emotional arousal. A simulated car crash is used in which the subjects were shown video of an oncoming vehicle. Which of the following results best supports the Cannon-Bard theory?

A. Subject spots oncoming vehicle → Subject feels fear → Subject heart rate rises
B. Subject spots oncoming vehicle → Subject feels fear and subject heart rate rises
C. Subject spots oncoming vehicle → Subject heart rate rises → Subject feels fear
D. Subject feels fear → Subject heart rate rises → Subject thinks “I am afraid””

Answer 72

“B is correct. The Cannon-Bard theory states that emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion.

A: This incorrectly shows emotion and physiology occurring separately.

C: This is an example of the James-Lange theory, which states that experience of emotion is in response to awareness of physiological response to arousing stimuli.

D: This is unrelated to the Cannon-Bard theory. Cognitive labels such as “I am afraid” are part of two-factor theories, not Cannon-Bard.”

Question 73

What is primacy effect and when does it occur?

Answer 73

”- In serial conditions (objects one at a time)

- Occurs when you remember events at the beginning of a series “

Question 74

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 74

“1. Sensorimotor (0-2) - Object permanence and stranger anxiety

2. Preoperational stage (2-7) - World and images represent things - pretend play, egocentric and no empathy
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11) - Conservation and empathy
4. Formal operational (12+) - abstract consequences and moral reasoning”

Question 75

What does selye’s general adaptation syndrome suggest?

Answer 75

Human stress response is not specific to stressor type

Question 76

What are freud’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 76

“1. Oral (0-1)

2. Anal (1-3)
3. Phallic (3-6)
4. Latency (6-12)
5. Genital (12-death)”

Question 77

What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

Answer 77

“1. Basic trust vs mistrust (0-1)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1-2)
3. Initiation vs. Guilt (3-5)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)
5. Identity vs. Confusion (12-19)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-25)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (26-64)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (65- death)”

Question 78

What is the difference between alzheimers, parkinsons and korsakoffs syndrome?

Answer 78

“1. Alzheimers - dementia - decrease in cholinergic neurons (memory issues)

2. Parkinsons - Loss of dopamine neurons (tremors, slowed movement/body issues)
3. Korsakoff’s syndrome - Lack of thiamine (vit B1)
   - Linked to chronic alcohol abuse”

Question 79

How is speech processed in the brain?

Answer 79

1. Left hemisphere - functions of speech, language processing and comprehension and logical reasoning 2. Right hemisphere - emotional tone of speech, unable to process words and meaning independently

Question 80

What are Ekman’s 7 basic emotions?

Answer 80

“1. Happiness

2. Sadness
3. Fear
4. Disgust
5. Anger
6. Surprise
7. Contempt”

Question 81

What are the 4 somatic theories of emotions?

Answer 81

”- Bodily responses (not cognitive interpretations) are essential to emotions

1. James-lange theory - Physiological –> emotion (crying makes you sad)
2. Cannon-bard - Physiological = emotion (same time)
3. Schachter-singer- Physiological + cognitive –> emotion
   - ie: context determines emotional significance
4. Lazarus theory - cognitive –> emotion + physiological
   - experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labeled”

Question 82

What are the big 5 personality traits?

Answer 82

“1. Openness to experience

2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

• Cattel, Eysenck use big 5 but allport did not”

Question 83

“The left cerebral hemisphere in humans is most often linked with which cognitive function?

A.Visuospatial skills
B.Music perception
C.Vocabulary skills
D.Emotion processing”

Answer 83

C. Vocabulary skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere, whereas visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion processing tend to be lateralized to the right hemisphere

Question 84

“Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?

A.Analytical
B.Creative
C.Interpersonal
D.Emotional”

Answer 84

D. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage one’s emotions. Emotionally intelligent people are self-aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards, rather than being overtaken by immediate impulses. None of the other answer choices is related to delaying gratification

Question 85

“A researcher is interested in how anxiety disorders affect escape learning. Which procedure is most appropriate for assessing the dependent variable in this study?

A.Having the participants fill out a validated questionnaire that screens for anxiety disorders
B.Having a trained practitioner assess the participants for anxiety disorders
C.Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to avoid a response that results in an electric shock when the electric shock is signaled with a tone
D.Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to be conditioned to perform a response that results in the termination of an electric shock”

Answer 85

D. The purpose of the study was to determine how anxiety disorders affect escape learning, and this option is the only one that refers to an empirical observation of escape behavior

Question 86

What is the sociological paradigm of functionalism?

Answer 86

The sociological paradigm of functionalism makes a distinction between manifest, or intended, and latent, or unintended, functions of social activities. From the functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability.

Question 87

What is the hawthrone effect?

Answer 87

The Hawthorne effect describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed

Question 88

What is anomie?

Answer 88

• Individual feels disconnected from the larger community

Question 89

What are the different parts of mead?

Answer 89

I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self, according to Mead’s theory of identity. The “me” is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment. The “id” and “ego” are terms used by Freud, rather than Mead.