Dawn - psych - quizlet definitions Flashcards
Status
a socially defined position in a group or in a society
Master status
”- Role or position that dominates
- This tends to determine your general place”” in society”
Ascribed status
one assigned to you by society regardless of your effort
Achieved status
One that is earned
Role
”- Socially defined expectation about how you will behave based on your status
- Can have multiple expectations for one role”
Role conflict
- Occurs when two or more statues are held by an individual and there is conflict between the expectations for each status
Role strain
”- Occurs when you face conflicting expectations for a single status
- ie: study for mcat and having fun in college”
Role Exit
”- Occurs when you transition from one status to another
- Pre-medical student to medical student”
Aggregate
- Includes people who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact
Category
- Shares certain characteristics, but does not regularly interact
Group
- is a # of people (as few as two) who identify and interact
Social network
”- Web of social relationships
- Including those in which a person is directly linked to others, as well as those in which people are directly connected through others”
What is an organization?
”- Large group of people wth a common purpose
- Tend to be more complex
- Impersonal and hierarchically structured than networks
- 3 types: Utilitarian, normative, coercive”
Bureaucracy
”- System of managing public services that includes decision-mkaing by non elected officals
- Implementations of rules and laws
- System of set procedures meant to simplify the complex functioning of organizations”
Ideal Bureaucracy
“According to Max Weber:
- Hierarchical structure
- Division of labor
- Written rules and expectations
- Officials hired and promoted based on technical competence and expertise
- Neutrality/impersonality
- Most organizations are not ideal”
Iron law of oligarchy
”- States that all forms of organizations, regardless of how democratic they may start, eventually lead to oligarchic tendencies, thus making a true democracy practically and theoretically impossible, esp in large groups and complex organizations
- Weber - believed you always suffered from this - likely not tested?”
McDonaldization
”- Explains when principles of the fast-food industry dominate other sectors of American society
- ie: all mcdonalds look the same no matter where you are
- AKA the chain mentality”
Value
”- Culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
- How things should be
- Differ greatly from society to society
- RIGHT OR WRONG
- ie: freedom (do we think it is GOOD OR BAD that is it)”
Beliefs
”- Specific ideas that people hold to be true
- Values support beliefs
- ex: Americans believe everyone should have freedom of speech”
Cultural lag
”- Explains the fact that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations
- Social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag
- Abortions, robotic surgeries (culture issues)”
Culture shock
”- Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or visit to a new country
- Move between social environments or travel
Problems:
- Information overload
- Language barriers
- Technology or skill gaps
ie: NA - street lights, South africa call them robots”
Assimilation
”- Process by which a person or a groups language and or culture comes to resemble those of another
- One culture becomes more dominant
- Describing state of a culture in a society
ie: Residential schooling native americans, colonization - X + Y = X”
Multiculturalism
”- Preservation of various cultures or cultural identities within a single unified society (in reality it rarely happens)
- Describing state of a culture in a society
- X + Y = X + Y”
Ethnocentrism
”- Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture
- X > Y”
Cultural Relativism
- Principle that individuals human beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
Popular culture
Includes all of the ideas, perspectives, attitudes, GET CARD
Cultural transmission
”- Methods of a group of people within society or culture use to learn and pass on new information
- Generational trends
- NOT PASSED BIOLOGICALLY - learned through experience and participation”
”- Methods of a group of people within society or culture use to learn and pass on new information
- Generational trends
- NOT PASSED BIOLOGICALLY - learned through experience and participation”
”- The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one group to another
-“
What is gender identity and how is it developed?
“What is it?
- Extent to which one identifies with a particular gender
- Often shaped early in life through social interaction
How is it developed?
- Very fluid among young children, but believed to form between ages 3-6
- 3 distinct stages
Sexual orientation
“a social construct that exists along a continuum
- Extremes being exclusive attraction to the opposite sex (heterosexual) or same sex (homosexual)
- Dont really need”
Immigration status
”- Emigration is leaving a place
- Immigration is entering a place”
Intersectionality
”- study of intersections between various systems of oppression or discrimination
- Theory suggests that various sociological concepts (like race, class, sexual orientation) interact on multiple levels contributing to systematic injustice and social inequality”
Socioeconomic gradient in health
”- Theory suggests that there exists a proportional increase in health and health outcome as socioeconomic status increases
- Prestige, power, privilege
- Suggests that it extends from top to bottom ranks of society (not simply poverty threshold that separates good from bad)
- Context and level matter: poor people living in poor neighborhoods are likely to have poorer health than equally poor people living in more affluent places)”
Institutional discrimination
”- Social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or group
- Companies hiring certain people”
What is a social movement
- Group action that attempts to promote, resist, or undo a social change
Globalization
”- Process of international integration arising from the exchange viewpoints, products, ideas and other aspects of culture around the world
- Social media, internet”
Socioeconomic status
”- Status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational
- Social standing or class of an individual group
- Privilege power, control”
Residential segregation
“The physical separation of different groups into neighborhoods
- Typically separated along race, ethnicity, SES
- Ex: Chicago - most racially/ethnically segregated city”
Environmental injustice
”- Low SES and minorities tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionally high
- Not safe areas or very safe (pollution, toxic waste dumps)
- Richer people naturally in safer areas”
Social reproduction
”- Social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next
- People who start in the bottom have a higher chance of being in the top, and people who start in the top stay in the top”
Social mobility
”- Movement of individuals or groups (up or down) from one position in a society’s stratification system to another
- May be intragenerational (within same gen) or intergenerational (between one or more generations)
KNOW THIS SHIT
- Vertical mobility - moving up or down in social stratification (inter) - farmer to doctor
- Horizontal mobility - Change in occupation or role without a change in the social hierarchy (intra)
- Changing jobs but about the same pay”
Class consciousness
”- Karl Marx
- Social condition in which members of subordinate social class are actively aware of themselves as a group who is being exploited (form unions)
- False consciousness - lack of such awareness - occurs when members of subordinate class see themselves as individuals instead of an exploited group”
Social segregation
- Occurs when people from the same social groups tends to interact with each other and have minimal contact with indvidiuals from other social groups
Social isolation
complete or near lack of contact with others in society
Social support
“the perception or reality that one is cared for and is a member of a supportive social network
- Support can be emotional, tangible, information or companionable
Two models of social support:
1. Buffering hypothesis - social support serves as a protective layer creating psychological distance between person and stressful event
2. Direct effect hypothesis - social support provides better health and wellness benefits
- Healthier people are better able to manage stress”
Social constructionism
”- People actively shape their reality through social interactions
- Constructed not inherent
- Knowledge is not real, only exists because we give them reality through social agreement”
Symbolic Interactionism
”- a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions
- Subjective meaning people believe to be true
- MEAD
- Blumer continued meads work”
Feminist theory
”- Macroperspective
- Looks beyond male-based perspectives to focus on gender inequalities
- Women face discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping”
Rational choice theory
”- people always take rational actions, weighing costs and benefits of each action to gain most benefit.
- 3 assumptions: completeness, transitivity, and independence of irrelevant alternatives.”
Exchange theory
”- application of RCT to social interaction
- Family, work, interpersonal relationships
- People behave with goal of maximizing own rewards while minimizing punishments, and people can make rational choices in social norm, and self-interest and interdependence guide interactions, and from relationships from cost-benefit analysis.”
What is the difference between culture and society?
“1. Culture = rules that guide way people live
- Guidelines for living - what makes society run
2. Society = structure that provides organization for people (includes institutions) - Family, education, politics, basic human needs”
Social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Social control
attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior
Egalitarian family
a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally
