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Dawn's MCAT Flashcards > Dawn - psych - quizlet definitions > Flashcards

Dawn - psych - quizlet definitions Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Status

A

a socially defined position in a group or in a society

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2
Q

Master status

A

”- Role or position that dominates

- This tends to determine your general place”” in society”

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3
Q

Ascribed status

A

one assigned to you by society regardless of your effort

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4
Q

Achieved status

A

One that is earned

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5
Q

Role

A

”- Socially defined expectation about how you will behave based on your status
- Can have multiple expectations for one role”

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6
Q

Role conflict

A
  • Occurs when two or more statues are held by an individual and there is conflict between the expectations for each status
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7
Q

Role strain

A

”- Occurs when you face conflicting expectations for a single status
- ie: study for mcat and having fun in college”

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8
Q

Role Exit

A

”- Occurs when you transition from one status to another

- Pre-medical student to medical student”

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9
Q

Aggregate

A
  • Includes people who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact
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10
Q

Category

A
  • Shares certain characteristics, but does not regularly interact
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11
Q

Group

A
  • is a # of people (as few as two) who identify and interact
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12
Q

Social network

A

”- Web of social relationships
- Including those in which a person is directly linked to others, as well as those in which people are directly connected through others”

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13
Q

What is an organization?

A

”- Large group of people wth a common purpose

  • Tend to be more complex
  • Impersonal and hierarchically structured than networks
  • 3 types: Utilitarian, normative, coercive”
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14
Q

Bureaucracy

A

”- System of managing public services that includes decision-mkaing by non elected officals

  • Implementations of rules and laws
  • System of set procedures meant to simplify the complex functioning of organizations”
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15
Q

Ideal Bureaucracy

A

“According to Max Weber:

  • Hierarchical structure
  • Division of labor
  • Written rules and expectations
  • Officials hired and promoted based on technical competence and expertise
  • Neutrality/impersonality
  • Most organizations are not ideal”
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16
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

”- States that all forms of organizations, regardless of how democratic they may start, eventually lead to oligarchic tendencies, thus making a true democracy practically and theoretically impossible, esp in large groups and complex organizations
- Weber - believed you always suffered from this - likely not tested?”

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17
Q

McDonaldization

A

”- Explains when principles of the fast-food industry dominate other sectors of American society

  • ie: all mcdonalds look the same no matter where you are
  • AKA the chain mentality”
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18
Q

Value

A

”- Culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

  • How things should be
  • Differ greatly from society to society
  • RIGHT OR WRONG
  • ie: freedom (do we think it is GOOD OR BAD that is it)”
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19
Q

Beliefs

A

”- Specific ideas that people hold to be true

  • Values support beliefs
  • ex: Americans believe everyone should have freedom of speech”
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20
Q

Cultural lag

A

”- Explains the fact that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations

  • Social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag
  • Abortions, robotic surgeries (culture issues)”
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21
Q

Culture shock

A

”- Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or visit to a new country
- Move between social environments or travel
Problems:
- Information overload
- Language barriers
- Technology or skill gaps
ie: NA - street lights, South africa call them robots”

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

”- Process by which a person or a groups language and or culture comes to resemble those of another

  • One culture becomes more dominant
  • Describing state of a culture in a society
    ie: Residential schooling native americans, colonization
  • X + Y = X”
23
Q

Multiculturalism

A

”- Preservation of various cultures or cultural identities within a single unified society (in reality it rarely happens)

  • Describing state of a culture in a society
  • X + Y = X + Y”
24
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

”- Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture
- X > Y”

25
Q

Cultural Relativism

A
  • Principle that individuals human beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
26
Q

Popular culture

A

Includes all of the ideas, perspectives, attitudes, GET CARD

27
Q

Cultural transmission

A

”- Methods of a group of people within society or culture use to learn and pass on new information

  • Generational trends
  • NOT PASSED BIOLOGICALLY - learned through experience and participation”
28
Q

”- Methods of a group of people within society or culture use to learn and pass on new information

  • Generational trends
  • NOT PASSED BIOLOGICALLY - learned through experience and participation”
A

”- The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one group to another
-“

29
Q

What is gender identity and how is it developed?

A

“What is it?

  • Extent to which one identifies with a particular gender
  • Often shaped early in life through social interaction

How is it developed?

  • Very fluid among young children, but believed to form between ages 3-6
  • 3 distinct stages
30
Q

Sexual orientation

A

“a social construct that exists along a continuum

  • Extremes being exclusive attraction to the opposite sex (heterosexual) or same sex (homosexual)
  • Dont really need”
31
Q

Immigration status

A

”- Emigration is leaving a place

- Immigration is entering a place”

32
Q

Intersectionality

A

”- study of intersections between various systems of oppression or discrimination
- Theory suggests that various sociological concepts (like race, class, sexual orientation) interact on multiple levels contributing to systematic injustice and social inequality”

33
Q

Socioeconomic gradient in health

A

”- Theory suggests that there exists a proportional increase in health and health outcome as socioeconomic status increases

  • Prestige, power, privilege
  • Suggests that it extends from top to bottom ranks of society (not simply poverty threshold that separates good from bad)
  • Context and level matter: poor people living in poor neighborhoods are likely to have poorer health than equally poor people living in more affluent places)”
34
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

”- Social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or group
- Companies hiring certain people”

35
Q

What is a social movement

A
  • Group action that attempts to promote, resist, or undo a social change
36
Q

Globalization

A

”- Process of international integration arising from the exchange viewpoints, products, ideas and other aspects of culture around the world
- Social media, internet”

37
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

”- Status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational

  • Social standing or class of an individual group
  • Privilege power, control”
38
Q

Residential segregation

A

“The physical separation of different groups into neighborhoods

  • Typically separated along race, ethnicity, SES
  • Ex: Chicago - most racially/ethnically segregated city”
39
Q

Environmental injustice

A

”- Low SES and minorities tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionally high

  • Not safe areas or very safe (pollution, toxic waste dumps)
  • Richer people naturally in safer areas”
40
Q

Social reproduction

A

”- Social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next
- People who start in the bottom have a higher chance of being in the top, and people who start in the top stay in the top”

41
Q

Social mobility

A

”- Movement of individuals or groups (up or down) from one position in a society’s stratification system to another
- May be intragenerational (within same gen) or intergenerational (between one or more generations)
KNOW THIS SHIT
- Vertical mobility - moving up or down in social stratification (inter) - farmer to doctor
- Horizontal mobility - Change in occupation or role without a change in the social hierarchy (intra)
- Changing jobs but about the same pay”

42
Q

Class consciousness

A

”- Karl Marx

  • Social condition in which members of subordinate social class are actively aware of themselves as a group who is being exploited (form unions)
  • False consciousness - lack of such awareness - occurs when members of subordinate class see themselves as individuals instead of an exploited group”
43
Q

Social segregation

A
  • Occurs when people from the same social groups tends to interact with each other and have minimal contact with indvidiuals from other social groups
44
Q

Social isolation

A

complete or near lack of contact with others in society

45
Q

Social support

A

“the perception or reality that one is cared for and is a member of a supportive social network
- Support can be emotional, tangible, information or companionable
Two models of social support:
1. Buffering hypothesis - social support serves as a protective layer creating psychological distance between person and stressful event
2. Direct effect hypothesis - social support provides better health and wellness benefits
- Healthier people are better able to manage stress”

46
Q

Social constructionism

A

”- People actively shape their reality through social interactions

  • Constructed not inherent
  • Knowledge is not real, only exists because we give them reality through social agreement”
47
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

”- a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions

  • Subjective meaning people believe to be true
  • MEAD
  • Blumer continued meads work”
48
Q

Feminist theory

A

”- Macroperspective

  • Looks beyond male-based perspectives to focus on gender inequalities
  • Women face discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping”
49
Q

Rational choice theory

A

”- people always take rational actions, weighing costs and benefits of each action to gain most benefit.
- 3 assumptions: completeness, transitivity, and independence of irrelevant alternatives.”

50
Q

Exchange theory

A

”- application of RCT to social interaction

  • Family, work, interpersonal relationships
  • People behave with goal of maximizing own rewards while minimizing punishments, and people can make rational choices in social norm, and self-interest and interdependence guide interactions, and from relationships from cost-benefit analysis.”
51
Q

What is the difference between culture and society?

A

“1. Culture = rules that guide way people live

  • Guidelines for living - what makes society run
    2. Society = structure that provides organization for people (includes institutions)
  • Family, education, politics, basic human needs”
52
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

53
Q

Social control

A

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

54
Q

Egalitarian family

A

a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally

Dawn's MCAT Flashcards (6 decks)

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