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*Medicine: Prescribing > Data Interpretation > Flashcards

Data Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Microcytic Anaemia

A
  • Thalassaemia
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • Lead poisoning
  • Sideroblastic anaemia
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2
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Acute blood loss
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Renal failure (chronic)
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3
Q

Macrocytic anaemia

A
  • B12 / Folate deficiency (megaloblastic)
  • Alcohol XS
  • Liver disease (incl non-alcoholic causes)
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Ms: Myeloproliferative / Myelodysplastic / Multiple myeloma
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4
Q

High neutrophils (neutrophilia)

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Tissue damage
  • Steroids
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5
Q

Low neutrophils (neutropenia)

A
  • Viral infection
  • Chemo or radiotherapy
  • Carbimazole
  • Clozapine
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6
Q

High lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)

A
  • Viral infection
  • Lymphoma
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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7
Q

Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)

A
  • Reduced production:
    • infection (viral)
    • drugs (esp penicillamine eg in RA treatment)
    • myelodysplasia / myelofibrosis / myeloma
  • Increased destruction:
    • heparin
    • hypersplenism
    • DIC
    • idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
    • HUS / TTP
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8
Q

High platelets (thrombocytosis)

A
  • Reactive:
    • bleeding
    • tissue damage
    • post-splenectomy
  • Primary:
    • myeloproliferative disorders
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9
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia can depend on the fluid status (hypovolaemic, euvolaemic, hypervolaemic).

Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia

A
  • Fluid loss (D+V)
  • Addison’s disease
  • Diuretics (any type)
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10
Q

Euvolaemic hyponatraemia

A
  • SIADH
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Hypothyroidism
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11
Q

SIADH

SIADH Causes

A
  • Small cell lung tumours
  • Infection
  • Abscess
  • Drugs (carbamazepine, antipsychotics)
  • Head injury
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12
Q

Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia

A
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • Liver failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia)
  • Nutritional failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia)
  • Thyroid failure (hypothyroidism; can be euvolaemic too)
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13
Q

3 Ds

Hypernatraemia

A
  • Dehydration
  • Drips (too much saline)
  • Drugs
  • Diabetes insipidus
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14
Q

Hypokalaemia

A
  • Drugs (loop + thiazide diuretics)
  • Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (D+V)
  • Renal tubular acidosis
  • Endocrine (Cushing’s + Conn’s)
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15
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A
  • Drugs (K sparing diuretics + ACEi / ARBs)
  • Renal failure
  • Endocrine (Addison’s)
  • Artefact (v common, due to clotted sample)
  • DKA
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16
Q

AKI U+Es

A
  • Pre-renal (70%) → urea rise > creatinine rise
  • Intrinsic (10%) → urea rise < creatinine rise
  • Postrenal (20%) → urea rise < creatinine rise
17
Q

Pre-renal AKI

A
  • Dehydration
  • Shock
  • Sepsis
  • Blood loss
  • Renal artery stenosis (triggered by ACEi or NSAIDs)
18
Q

INTRINSIC

Intrinsic AKI

A
  • Ischaemia (due to pre-renal AKI, causing acute tubular necrosis)
  • Nephrotoxic abx → gentamicin, vancomycin + tetracyclines
  • Tablets (ACEi, NSAIDs)
  • Radiological contrast
  • Inury (rhabdomyolysis)
  • Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
  • Syndromes (glomerulonephridites)
  • Inflammation (vasculitis)
  • Cholesterol emboli
19
Q

Post-renal AKI

A
  • In lumen → stone / sloughed papilla
  • In wall → tumour (RCC, TCC) / fibosis
  • External → BPPH / prostate ca / lymphadenopathy / aneurysm
20
Q

ALKPHOS

Raised ALP

A
  • Any fracture
  • Liver damage (posthepatic)
  • Kancer
  • Paget’s disease of bone + Pregnancy
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Osteomalacia
  • Surgery
21
Q

Prehepatic jaundice

A
  • Haemolysis
  • Gilbert’s
  • Crigler-Najjar
22
Q

Intrahepatic jaundice

A
  • Fatty liver
  • Hepatitis (viral, AI, PBC, PSC)
  • Cirrhosis (alcohol, drugs)
  • Malignancy
  • Metabolic → Wilson’s / haemochromatosis
  • Heart failure
23
Q

Which drugs can cause intrahepatic jaundice / hepatitis?

A
  • Paracetamol overdose
  • Statins
  • Rifampicin
24
Q

Posthepatic jaundice

A
  • Gallstones
  • Cholestatic drugs → flucloxacillin, coamoxiclav, nitrofurantoin, steroids + sulphonylureas
  • Cholangiocarcinoma
  • PBC
  • PSC
  • Pancreatic or gastric cancer
  • Lymph node

*Medicine: Prescribing (13 decks)

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