Data Interpretation Flashcards
1
Q
Microcytic Anaemia
A
- Thalassaemia
- Iron deficiency anaemia
- Lead poisoning
- Sideroblastic anaemia
2
Q
Normocytic anaemia
A
- Anaemia of chronic disease
- Acute blood loss
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Renal failure (chronic)
3
Q
Macrocytic anaemia
A
- B12 / Folate deficiency (megaloblastic)
- Alcohol XS
- Liver disease (incl non-alcoholic causes)
- Hypothyroidism
- Ms: Myeloproliferative / Myelodysplastic / Multiple myeloma
4
Q
High neutrophils (neutrophilia)
A
- Bacterial infection
- Tissue damage
- Steroids
5
Q
Low neutrophils (neutropenia)
A
- Viral infection
- Chemo or radiotherapy
- Carbimazole
- Clozapine
6
Q
High lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)
A
- Viral infection
- Lymphoma
- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
7
Q
Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)
A
-
Reduced production:
- infection (viral)
- drugs (esp penicillamine eg in RA treatment)
- myelodysplasia / myelofibrosis / myeloma
-
Increased destruction:
- heparin
- hypersplenism
- DIC
- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
- HUS / TTP
8
Q
High platelets (thrombocytosis)
A
-
Reactive:
- bleeding
- tissue damage
- post-splenectomy
-
Primary:
- myeloproliferative disorders
9
Q
Causes of hyponatraemia can depend on the fluid status (hypovolaemic, euvolaemic, hypervolaemic).
Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia
A
- Fluid loss (D+V)
- Addison’s disease
- Diuretics (any type)
10
Q
Euvolaemic hyponatraemia
A
- SIADH
- Psychogenic polydipsia
- Hypothyroidism
11
Q
SIADH
SIADH Causes
A
- Small cell lung tumours
- Infection
- Abscess
- Drugs (carbamazepine, antipsychotics)
- Head injury
12
Q
Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia
A
- Heart failure
- Renal failure
- Liver failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia)
- Nutritional failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia)
- Thyroid failure (hypothyroidism; can be euvolaemic too)
13
Q
3 Ds
Hypernatraemia
A
- Dehydration
- Drips (too much saline)
- Drugs
- Diabetes insipidus
14
Q
Hypokalaemia
A
- Drugs (loop + thiazide diuretics)
- Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (D+V)
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Endocrine (Cushing’s + Conn’s)
15
Q
Hyperkalaemia
A
- Drugs (K sparing diuretics + ACEi / ARBs)
- Renal failure
- Endocrine (Addison’s)
- Artefact (v common, due to clotted sample)
- DKA
16
Q
AKI U+Es
A
- Pre-renal (70%) → urea rise > creatinine rise
- Intrinsic (10%) → urea rise < creatinine rise
- Postrenal (20%) → urea rise < creatinine rise
17
Q
Pre-renal AKI
A
- Dehydration
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Blood loss
- Renal artery stenosis (triggered by ACEi or NSAIDs)
18
Q
INTRINSIC
Intrinsic AKI
A
- Ischaemia (due to pre-renal AKI, causing acute tubular necrosis)
- Nephrotoxic abx → gentamicin, vancomycin + tetracyclines
- Tablets (ACEi, NSAIDs)
- Radiological contrast
- Inury (rhabdomyolysis)
- Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
- Syndromes (glomerulonephridites)
- Inflammation (vasculitis)
- Cholesterol emboli
19
Q
Post-renal AKI
A
- In lumen → stone / sloughed papilla
- In wall → tumour (RCC, TCC) / fibosis
- External → BPPH / prostate ca / lymphadenopathy / aneurysm
20
Q
ALKPHOS
Raised ALP
A
- Any fracture
- Liver damage (posthepatic)
- Kancer
- Paget’s disease of bone + Pregnancy
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Osteomalacia
- Surgery
21
Q
Prehepatic jaundice
A
- Haemolysis
- Gilbert’s
- Crigler-Najjar
22
Q
Intrahepatic jaundice
A
- Fatty liver
- Hepatitis (viral, AI, PBC, PSC)
- Cirrhosis (alcohol, drugs)
- Malignancy
- Metabolic → Wilson’s / haemochromatosis
- Heart failure
23
Q
Which drugs can cause intrahepatic jaundice / hepatitis?
A
- Paracetamol overdose
- Statins
- Rifampicin
24
Q
Posthepatic jaundice
A
- Gallstones
- Cholestatic drugs → flucloxacillin, coamoxiclav, nitrofurantoin, steroids + sulphonylureas
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- PBC
- PSC
- Pancreatic or gastric cancer
- Lymph node
