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psychology paper 2 > data analysis > Flashcards

data analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are four different types of data?

A

Quantitative data
Qualitative data
Primary data
Secondary data

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2
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical data e.e reaction time or number of mistakes

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3
Q

Strength of quantitative data:

A

Easy to analyse

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4
Q

Limitation of quantitative data:

A

Oversimplifies behaviour = individuality lost

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5
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Non-numerical data expressed in words e.g extract from a diary

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6
Q

Strength of qualitative data:

A

Represents complexities = include unexpected information

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7
Q

Limitation of qualitative data:

A

Not easy to analyse = difficult to get a conclusion

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8
Q

What is primary data?

A

‘First hand’ data collected for the purpose of the investigation

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9
Q

Strength of primary data

A

Information is directly relevant to research aims

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10
Q

Limitations of primary data:

A

Time and effort

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11
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Collected by someone other than the person who is conducting the research

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12
Q

Example of secondary data:

A

Taken from journal article, books, website or government records

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13
Q

Strength of secondary data:

A

Inexpensive

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14
Q

Limitations of secondary data:

A

Information may be outdated or incomplete

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15
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A type of secondary data that involves combining data from a large number of studies

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16
Q

What does a meta-analysis calculate?

A

Effect size

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17
Q

Strength of a meta-analysis:

A

Increase the extent of generalisation = increase in the validity of the conclusion

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18
Q

Limitation of a meta-analysis:

A

Publication bias = researcher may leave irrelevant or non-significant data out

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19
Q

What is central tendency?

A

Calculating the mean, median or mode

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20
Q

What is the mean?

A

Arithmetic average

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21
Q

Strength of the mean:

A

Sensitive, includes all the data giving an overall impression

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22
Q

Limitation of the mean:

A

Unrepresentative = very large or small can distort figure more easily than median or mode

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23
Q

What is the median?

A

Middle value

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24
Q

How do you calculate the mean?

A

Add up all the scores and divide by the number of scores

25
Q

How do you calculate the median?

A

Place scores in ascending order and select middle value. (Two value in the middle, take the mean of these is calculated

26
Q

Strength of the median:

A

Unaffected by extreme scores = more representative

27
Q

Limitation of the median:

A

Less sensitive, exclude extreme values which may be important

28
Q

What is the mode?

A

Most frequent value, used with categorical or nominal data

29
Q

How do you calculate the mean?

A

Count the most frequent values

30
Q

Strengths of the mean:

A

Relevant to categorical data = discrete data

31
Q

Limitations of the mean:

A

Overly simple measure = not useful at describing data

32
Q

What is the measures of dispersion?

A

Range and standard deviation

33
Q

What is a range?

A

The difference between highest and lowest value

34
Q

Strength of range:

A

Easy to calculate = easier than standard deviation

35
Q

Limitation of range:

A

Does not account for the distribution of scores

36
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Measure of the average spread wound the mean

37
Q

The larger the standard deviation…

A

the more spread out the data

38
Q

Strength of standard deviation:

A

More precise than range = more accurate overall distribution of data set

39
Q

Limitation of standard deviation:

A

Misleading = may ‘hide’ characteristics (extreme values may not be shown)

40
Q

What are the types of ways to present and display quantitative data?

A

Tables
Bar charts
Histograms
Line graph
Scattergram

41
Q

What is a table?

A
  • Raw score displayed in columns and rows
  • Summary paragraph underneath to explain results
42
Q

What is a bar chart?

A
  • Categories (discrete data) placed along x-axis and frequency on y-axis
  • Height of column represent frequency
43
Q

What is a histogram?

A

Bars touch each other
Continuous data
True zero

44
Q

What is line graph?

A

-Frequency on one axis, data on another is continuous
-Often shows change

45
Q

What is a scattergram?

A

Represent correlation analysis

Each dot represent one pair of related data

Axis must both be contentious

46
Q

What are the two types of distributions?

A
  • Normal
  • Skewed
47
Q

What are the two different types of skewed distributions?

A

Negative skew
Positive skew

48
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve

Mode, mean and median all occur at the midpoint of the curve

Most people in the middle

49
Q

What is a skewed distribution ?

A

Distribution leans to one side or the other because most people are either lower or upper end of distribution

50
Q

Describe a negative skew:

A
  • Most distribution is to the right side of the graph
  • Long tail on the left
51
Q

Out of mode, median and mean which has the highest peak in a negative skew?

A

Mode

52
Q

Out of mode, median and mean which has the lowest peak in a negative skew?

A

Mean

53
Q

Out of mode, median and mean which has the middle peak in a negative skew?

A

Median

54
Q

Describe a positive skew:

A
  • Most distribution leans left side of the graph
  • Long tail on the right
55
Q

Out of mode, median and mean which has the highest peak in a positive skew?

A

Mode

56
Q

Out of mode, median and mean which has the lowest peak in a positive skew?

A

Mean

57
Q

Out of mode, median and mean which has the middle peak in a positive skew?

A

Median

58
Q

How can you remember whether a skewed distribution is negative or positively skewed?

A

With your feet

Negative = left (big toe = mode)
Positive = right (big toe = mode)

psychology paper 2 (23 decks)

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