DAT Gen Chem Atomic and Molecular structure Flashcards
are closest to
the positively charged nucleus.
core electrons
which electrons are the most stable and are lowest in energy.
core electrons
Changing the number of neutrons of an atom, leaving protons the same
isotope
what produces ions
changing the number of electrons
elements within a compound always combine in
a fixed proportion.
law of constant composition
the molecules undergo
rearrangement to produce a physical change.
physical reaction
involve
the substances undergoing a chemical change
whereby a new substance is created.
chemical reaction
when two or
more atoms or molecules combine to form
a single compound.
synthesis rxn
when a
compound breaks down into two or more
products.
decomposition rxn
when
one element is replaced by another in a
compound.
single displacement rxn
exchange
of bonds between two reacting chemical
species.
double displacement rxn
common types of double displacement
neutralization
and precipitation reactions.
when a
substance reacts with O2 gas to produce
light and heat.
conbustion
Represents the main energy level
occupied by electrons.
principle quantum number
Is a positive integer, greater than or
equal to 1.
principle quantum number (n)
maximum number of electrons
that an electron shell can hold is
given by the formula:
2n squared
Describes the shape of the subshells
or the orbital shape within each
principal energy level
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
possible values of the azimuthal
quantum number
all integers between 0 and n-1
l=0
s subshell
l=1
p subshell
l=2
d subshell
l=3
f subshell
how many e can s sub shell hold
2
how many e can p sub shell hold
6
how many e can d sub shell hold
10
how many e can f sub shell hold
14
which orbital is spherical
s
which orbital is shaped like dumbbells
p
Describes the orientation of
orbitals in space.
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The magnetic quantum number
ranges between
the negative and
positive magnitude of the azimuthal
quantum number.
Describes the angular momentum of
an electron.
Spin Quantum Number (ms)
Spin Quantum Number (ms) denoted as either
+1/2 or -1/2
states that no two electrons in an
atom can have the exact same set of four
quantum numbers.
Pauli’s Exclusion
Principle
s sub shell has how many orbitals
1
p sub shell has how many orbitals
3
d sub shell has how many orbitals
5
f subshell has how many orbitals
7ho
how many e per orbital
2
4s subshell gets
filled BEFORE
3d bc its lower in energy
When two
species have the same electron configuration, it
means that they have the same arrangement of
electrons. They are known as
isoelectronic species
formed between two atoms
with significantly different electronegativities. (metals and nonmetals)
ionic bond
involve the complete transfer of
electrons from the less electronegative atom to
the more electronegative atom.
ionic bond
crystalline structures are found in what kind of bond
ionic
very high
melting and boiling points are characteristics of what bond
ionic
soluble in water,
where they dissociate into cations and
anions. translate to what bodn
ionic
conduct electricity
when dissolved in aqueous solutions or
when they are melted.
ionic compound
bonds formed between
two atoms that have similar electronegativities. (nonmetal-nonmetal)
covalent bond
do covalent bonds share e
yes
which e do covalent bonds share
valence
have lower
melting and boiling points. what bond
covalent
are covalent bonds soluble or insoluable
insoluable
do covalent bonds conduct electricity
no
describes the distance between
the nuclei of each atom involved in the bond.
bond length
describes the energy needed to
break a covalent bond.
bond energy
have their
atoms covalently bonded into a network.
These atoms are held together very tightly,
even tighter than most other covalent
compounds!
covalent network solids
utilize a
type of covalent bonding whereby both
electrons involved in the bond come from the
same atom.
Coordinate covalent compounds
utilize a
type of covalent bonding whereby both
electrons involved in the bond come from the
same atom.
Coordinate covalent compounds
occurs between metal atoms.
metallic nond
A metallic bond arises
from the
electrostatic force between the
delocalized electrons and positively charged
metal ions.
excellent conductors
of electricity.. what bond?
metallic bond
ductile… what bond?
metallic
malleable… what bond
metallic
lustrous, or
shiny…. what bond
metallic
The forces that form covalent or ionic bonds
are termed as
intramolecular forces
the forces found between molecules.
intermolecular forces
the weakest intermolecular interactions.
London Dispersion / Van der Waals forces
occurs when the electron density between
two atoms becomes unevenly distributed for a
brief time resulting in an instantaneous dipole.
London Dispersion / Van der Waals forces
All compounds
experience the
LDF
London Dispersion forces get larger as the size
of the molecule
increass
occurs when the
partially positive side of a molecule attracts the
partially negative side of another molecule.
dipole dipole forces
interaction is only found in polar solid and
liquid compounds
dipole dipole
strong dipole-dipole
interactions that occur when hydrogen is
attached to highly electronegative nitrogen,
oxygen, or fluorine atoms.
hydrogen bonds
what elements are involved in hydrogen bonds
nitrogen, oxygen, flourine
stronger
than other dipole-dipole interactions.
hydrogen bonding force
describe the attraction
between an ion and polar molecule.
ion dipole interactions
increasing the strength of intermolecular forces
implies that these molecules are held…
more tightly together
does Increasing Intermolecular Forces increase or decrease vapor pressure
decrease
does Increasing Intermolecular Forces increase or decrease melting and boiling pts
increase
does Increasing Intermolecular Forces inc or dec viscocity
increasedoes
does Increasing Intermolecular Forces inc or dec surface tension
increase
illustrates that
bonding between two atoms occurs due to the
overlap of their atomic orbitals.
molecular orbital theory
Species that have unpaired electrons and are
attracted to a magnetic field are known as
paramagnetic
single bond has a bond order of what
1
triple bond has bond order of what
3
when a central atom is
surrounded by 3 electron domains, the
atoms arrange themselves to be 120° apart
from each other.
trigonal planar
when a central atom is
surrounded by 5 electron domains, the
atoms arrange themselves to form this
3-dimensional shape
trig bipyrimidal
when an atom forms four bonds,
it assumes a…
tetrahedral geometry
