D3.1 Reproduction SL(only human) Flashcards
What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the way by which organisms pass on their genes to future generations and ensure the continuity of their species.
What are the two types of reproduction?
Asexual and sexual reproduction?
What is sexual reproduction?
- Sexual reproduction involves two parents and uses gametes (sex cells).
- The cells of the offspring have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
- Involves two stages: meiosis and fertilization
- Is a source of genetic variation by combining genes in different combinations in the gametes and by random fusion of gametes
- Involves the random fusion of gametes (any sperm can fertilize any egg)
- May involve external fertilization (many water animals) or internal fertilization (most land animals)
- Some organisms are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction
What is asexual reproduction?
- Asexual reproduction involves only one parent
- The cells of the offspring have two sets of chromosomes identical to those of the parent
- Produced by mitosis
- All offspring are genetically identical to the parent and to each other - clones
What are the different types of asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction takes place in different ways, including fission, budding, fragmentation and parthenogenesis.
What is fission (asexual reproduction)?
A type of asexual reproduction wherein an organism divides into equal halves resulting in two separate organisms.
What is budding (asexual reproduction)?
A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual organism develops as an outgrowth or bud from the parent organism, eventually detaching to become an independent organism.
What is fragmentation (asexual reproduction)?
A method of asexual reproduction, where the parent organism breaks into fragments, with each fragment developing into a new organism.
What is parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction)?
Reproduction from an ovum without fertilisation.
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that makes haploid gametes with half the number of chromosomes (one set)
What is fertilization?
The fusion of a male and a female gamete to form a zygote
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
*As only one participant is needed, asexual reproduction ensures that a large number of offspring can be produced within a relatively short period of time. This acts as an advantage in a relatively stable environment, as all the organisms are well-adapted to the environment and can colonise a habitat faster.
*Asexual reproduction is less costly in terms of energy and time, and definitely a less complex process.
How could a build-up of damaging mutations in a population of genetic clones cause the extinction of the species?
As the same genetic material is duplicated and passed on to the offspring, chances of genetic variation are low. This, in turn, decreases genetic diversity, the raw material for evolution, which may have disastrous consequences when the environment changes. Similarly, harmful mutations in genes could be catastrophic to the existence of asexually reproducing organisms.
Explain why sexual reproduction is less likely to produce a population with a lot of damaging mutations.
What are the causes of genetic variation in sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then grows into a new individual. The offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically similar, but not identical to the parents. The possibility for genetic variation in sexual reproduction is enormous and can happen during the formation of gametes as well as during fertilisation e.g. meiosis I crossing over, meiosis I separations of members of homologous pairs, gametes used in fertilization.
What is the role of meiosis and fusion of gametes in the sexual life cycle?
Meiosis maintains the number of chromosomes of the species by creating haploid gametes that later fuse to form diploid zygotes.
Egg=23 chromosomes + Sperm= 23 chromosomes = Zygote 46 chromosomes
What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?
*The sperm must travel up the female reproductive tract to fuse with the egg (or ovum), hence they are smaller and motile. *Their tails (flagella) help them to swim to the egg
*The mitochondria generate energy for flagellar movement.
*Moreover, millions of sperm are produced every day to increase the chances of some of them reaching the mature egg.
What are the adaptions of egg cell/ova?
*On the other hand, the eggs or ova are larger and immotile.
*They carry food reserves that act as energy sources for the dividing zygote.
*Normally in humans, only one egg is released by the ovary every month.
Draw a labelled and annotated diagram of male reproductive system.
Draw a labelled and annotated diagram of female reproductive system.
What is the function sperm duct?
Tubes through which the sperm travel from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Produces fluids that help in the transport and nourishment of the sperm. The sperm together with these fluids are referred to as semen. Semen is a slightly alkaline fluid that keeps the sperm viable.
What is the function of the urethra?
A common tube through which both the sperm and urine leave the penis
What is the function of the penis?
A muscular, erectile organ that helps in the transfer of the sperm from the male reproductive system to the vagina of the female reproductive system
What is the function of the epididymis?
Highly coiled tubes where sperm mature and are stored (till the time of ejaculation)
What is the function of the scrotum?
Sacs that hold the testes and maintain them at temperature 2–3 °C lower than the body temperature facilitating sperm production
What is the function of the testes?
Produce sperm and testosterone (the male sex hormone)