D1.1.5 Applications of polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis Flashcards
What role does gel electrophoresis play in DNA analysis?
It separates DNA fragments based on size, creating a pattern for comparison.
What happens to the amplified DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
They are separated based on size, creating a unique pattern of bands.
Can DNA profiling distinguish between unrelated individuals?
Yes, it is extremely unlikely for two unrelated individuals to have identical profiles when analyzing multiple STR markers.
What is the purpose of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
To amplify specific DNA sequences, producing enough DNA for analysis.
What is the difference between DNA profiling and DNA sequencing?
DNA profiling focuses on comparing specific regions like STRs, while sequencing determines the entire DNA sequence.
Why is PCR used in DNA profiling?
To amplify specific STR regions, producing enough DNA for analysis.
Why does the reliability of DNA profiling increase with the number of STR markers analyzed?
Analyzing more markers reduces the probability of a false match, enhancing the accuracy of the results.
Define DNA profiling.
DNA profiling is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA.
What role does gel electrophoresis play in evolutionary biology?
It helps compare DNA from different species to study evolutionary relationships and construct phylogenetic trees.
How is DNA profiling used in paternity testing?
A child’s DNA profile is compared to that of the mother and potential father to identify biological relationships.
How is PCR used in COVID-19 testing?
PCR amplifies viral RNA (converted to DNA) to detect the presence of the virus in small quantities.
What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?
STRs are short sequences of DNA that repeat multiple times, varying in number between individuals.
What is the first step in the DNA profiling process?
Sample collection.
What is one application of PCR in disease diagnosis?
PCR is used to detect genetic mutations linked to diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
What is the relationship between PCR and gel electrophoresis?
PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences, while gel electrophoresis separates them by size, making them complementary techniques.
What is the significance of analyzing multiple STR markers in DNA profiling?
Using more markers reduces the probability of a false match, increasing reliability and accuracy.
How is DNA collected for profiling?
DNA can be obtained from sources like blood, saliva, or hair.
How are PCR and gel electrophoresis used in environmental monitoring?
They are used to detect DNA from endangered species and identify microbial communities in soil or water.
