D&E Chapter 15 Flashcards
Political Culture
the symbolically encoded beliefs, values, norms, and practices that shape the formal distribution of power in any given society
Modernity
a type of society, typically one experiencing economic growth and with a relatively strong state, among other characteristics
Modernization
the process through which a society becomes “more modern”, which is typically understood to mean having an advanced economy and, sometimes, a democratic polity
Secularism
the ideological complex that favors secular (no-religious) culture
Watchwords or modernization
technical efficiency, education, literacy, civilization, and secularism
Ideology
a systematically coordinated and cognitively salient set of beliefs focused on politics; ideologies are like secular religions
Functional definition
definition that aims to define a given phenomenon by what it does
Substantive definition
definition that aims to define a given phenomenon by what it is rather than by what it does
Secularization
the process by which societies become less religious as they become more modern
Post-cold war theories for secularization (2 parts)
Secularism would rise because:
1: religious pluralism
2: importance of science and technology on the rise
* these only apply to the West*
Differentiation
the process through which institutions become increasingly autonomous from one another, including the reduction or other change in the linkages between religion and other institutions
Privatization
the process of religious practice being confined to the private sphere
Public sphere
the space in which public life and deliberation take place (as opposed to the private sphere)
Liberalism
an ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, representative democracy, and the market economy
4 key concepts of liberalism
1: individual > group
2: individual’s relationship with the state should be democratic
3: democratic system should be representative
4: free market capitalism
Social democracy
an ideological movement that favors both representative democracy with respect for basic individual rights, and stat action to promote relative economic and social equality (viewed by some as a variety of socialism)
Libertarianism
a form of liberalism, strongly opposed to social democracy, that is especially concerned with minimizing the role of government
Facism
an authoritarian ideology associated with regimes, favoring authoritarianism, militarism, and right-wing nationalism
4 key concepts of fascism
1: state > individual
2: little efforts to protect the rights of the individual
3: anti-democratic; authoritarian protector
4: state capitalism
Socialism
an ideology that emphasizes economic equality as a key goal, to be pursued in a large measure through state action; socialism –> social democracy or socialism –> communism
Lay state
a state that establishes a formal separation of religion and public life
Religious state
a state in which religion is a key part of official politics, often involving religious establishment, religious legitimation of the state, and restrictions on religious minorities
Religious pluralism
the situation in which there are multiple religious organizations within a given society (opposite of religious monopoly)
Denomination
a type of religious organization, prevalent in the US, that is voluntary and accept the principle of religious pluralism
Church vs. Sect vs. Denomination
Church: mandatory in a given territory; linked to state
Sect: removed from state and other religious organizations
Denomination: middle ground between the two
21st century socialism
ideology of government supporters in some contemporary societies (Venezuela, Bolivia) that aims to emphasize the allegedly more participatory and democratic features of these governments
