D&E Chapter 15

Question 1

Political Culture

Answer 1

the symbolically encoded beliefs, values, norms, and practices that shape the formal distribution of power in any given society

Question 2

Modernity

Answer 2

a type of society, typically one experiencing economic growth and with a relatively strong state, among other characteristics

Question 3

Modernization

Answer 3

the process through which a society becomes “more modern”, which is typically understood to mean having an advanced economy and, sometimes, a democratic polity

Question 4

Secularism

Answer 4

the ideological complex that favors secular (no-religious) culture

Question 5

Watchwords or modernization

Answer 5

technical efficiency, education, literacy, civilization, and secularism

Question 6

Ideology

Answer 6

a systematically coordinated and cognitively salient set of beliefs focused on politics; ideologies are like secular religions

Question 7

Functional definition

Answer 7

definition that aims to define a given phenomenon by what it does

Question 8

Substantive definition

Answer 8

definition that aims to define a given phenomenon by what it is rather than by what it does

Question 9

Secularization

Answer 9

the process by which societies become less religious as they become more modern

Question 10

Post-cold war theories for secularization (2 parts)

Answer 10

Secularism would rise because:

1: religious pluralism
2: importance of science and technology on the rise
* these only apply to the West*

Question 11

Differentiation

Answer 11

the process through which institutions become increasingly autonomous from one another, including the reduction or other change in the linkages between religion and other institutions

Question 12

Privatization

Answer 12

the process of religious practice being confined to the private sphere

Question 13

Public sphere

Answer 13

the space in which public life and deliberation take place (as opposed to the private sphere)

Question 14

Liberalism

Answer 14

an ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, representative democracy, and the market economy

Question 15

4 key concepts of liberalism

Answer 15

1: individual > group
2: individual’s relationship with the state should be democratic
3: democratic system should be representative
4: free market capitalism

Question 16

Social democracy

Answer 16

an ideological movement that favors both representative democracy with respect for basic individual rights, and stat action to promote relative economic and social equality (viewed by some as a variety of socialism)

Question 17

Libertarianism

Answer 17

a form of liberalism, strongly opposed to social democracy, that is especially concerned with minimizing the role of government

Question 18

Facism

Answer 18

an authoritarian ideology associated with regimes, favoring authoritarianism, militarism, and right-wing nationalism

Question 19

4 key concepts of fascism

Answer 19

1: state > individual
2: little efforts to protect the rights of the individual
3: anti-democratic; authoritarian protector
4: state capitalism

Question 20

Socialism

Answer 20

an ideology that emphasizes economic equality as a key goal, to be pursued in a large measure through state action; socialism –> social democracy or socialism –> communism

Question 21

Lay state

Answer 21

a state that establishes a formal separation of religion and public life

Question 22

Religious state

Answer 22

a state in which religion is a key part of official politics, often involving religious establishment, religious legitimation of the state, and restrictions on religious minorities

Question 23

Religious pluralism

Answer 23

the situation in which there are multiple religious organizations within a given society (opposite of religious monopoly)

Question 24

Denomination

Answer 24

a type of religious organization, prevalent in the US, that is voluntary and accept the principle of religious pluralism

Question 25

Church vs. Sect vs. Denomination

Answer 25

Church: mandatory in a given territory; linked to state
Sect: removed from state and other religious organizations
Denomination: middle ground between the two

Question 26

21st century socialism

Answer 26

ideology of government supporters in some contemporary societies (Venezuela, Bolivia) that aims to emphasize the allegedly more participatory and democratic features of these governments