D

Question 1

What were the key aims of Konrad Adenauer?

Answer 1

encourage democracy, stabilise the economy, creating an economy less susceptible to political polarisation, decentralisation

Question 2

What was the basic Law?

Answer 2

constitutional arrangement: ensured basic freedoms such as freedom of expression, assembly, association and movement

Question 3

What did the Basic Law do?

Answer 3

restored the federal nature of the state after Nazi centralisation

Question 4

Why was Adenauer a strong Chancellor?

Answer 4

combined roles of chancellor and foreign minister, appointed weak ministers, basic and electoral law, could only be removed by a vote of no confidence

Question 5

What was the new electoral system put in place?

Answer 5

first past the post and propotional representation

Question 6

How was political stability achieved?

Answer 6

domination of CDU and SPD, electoral system, no centralised power of president, banning of extremists, 5% rule, chancellor had to be approved

Question 7

Why was support for the SPD faltering?

Answer 7

due to anti-communist sentiment due to Americanisation of FRG, campaign for unification rather than integration with the West, nothing new to offer

Question 8

When did the CDU became the dominant party in the FRG?

Answer 8

1953

Question 9

What was the highest % of economic growth in the FDR?

Answer 9

12% compared to average being 2-4%

Question 10

What was the principle of co-ordination?

Answer 10

trade unions representation on company boards which reduced disputes and work hours

Question 11

How did employment and production increase in the FRG?

Answer 11

Ruhr, weapon production for the Korean War of 1950, constant work flow of guest workers and refugees from previous German lands

Question 12

What was the social impact of economic recovery?

Answer 12

average household income increased 400x, Ministry of Housing was set up (public housing schemes), people were able to enjoy luxuries such as fridges, cars and TVs

Question 13

What did Erhard introduce?

Answer 13

social market economy: independent business recovery but state policing

Question 14

What were some measures of Erhard?

Answer 14

1951 Investment Aid law (3.2mill DM to manufacturing), halving German protecting tariffs, 1957 Anti-Trust law

Question 15

FRG’s economic integration into the West?

Answer 15

Franco-German coal and steel production, joined ECSC on equal footing with France, EURATOM,

Question 16

FRG’s political integration into the West?

Answer 16

joined Council of Europe in 1948, EEC in 1957 (cemented that FRG wouldn’t take steps toward unity

Question 17

FRG’s military integration into the West?

Answer 17

NATO in 1949

Question 18

What was the EEC?

Answer 18

creation of a common market with the elimination of most trade barriers

Question 19

How did the FRG alienate the East?

Answer 19

rejection of Stalin’s offer of a United Germany, Hallstein doctrine (refusal of diplomatic relations with any Communist powers)

Question 20

How did the SPD revive?

Answer 20

supported Erhard, acceptance and support for NATO and Western integration, Godesberg programme (removal of Marxist values)

Question 21

What led to Adenauer leaving office?

Answer 21

end of support of FDP due to disagreement over rigid attitude towards GDR and USSR, retirement of Heuss exposed his arrogance (putting himself forward for position), Der Spiegel affair

Question 22

What was the Der Spiegel affair?

Answer 22

Adenauer supported Defense Minister against article against inefficiencies of Bundeswehr, night-time arrests reminiscent of Nazi Germany

Question 23

What is Democratic centralism?

Answer 23

laws and decrees passed down from the top, who have been elected by the bottom/public

Question 24

How did the SED consolidate its power?

Answer 24

East German Supreme court - persecution for political beliefs, replacement of Lander with Bezirke - extension of central SED power, creation of National Front (CDU and LDP), mass organisations

Question 25

What happened to other political parties?

Answer 25

all under SED’s National front, no democratic development

Question 26

Aims of industry in GDR?

Answer 26

5 year plan - focus on heavy industry and re-militarisation
“Building socialism”
regional specialisation, overtaking FRG

Question 27

Successes of the industry in GDR?

Answer 27

GDR growth of 3% a year

Question 28

Failures of the industry in GDR?

Answer 28

1953 uprising, shoddy workmanship, New Economic system permitted de-centralisation

Question 29

Aims of agriculture in GDR?

Answer 29

move towards collectivisation and against individual farming

Question 30

Successes of agriculture in GDR?

Answer 30

2nd wave of collectivisation in 1960 - 85% part of group

Question 31

Failures of agriculture in GDR?

Answer 31

lack of fertilisers reducing yields and shortage of livestock, farmers flee to FRG

Question 32

Reasons for the 1953 Uprising?

Answer 32

‘New Course’ - greater focus on consumers, admits wrong however work norms not rescinded 10% increase

Question 33

Consequences of the 1953 Uprising?

Answer 33

USSR decided to keep Ulbricht in power, however ideological threat - socialism focusing on workers

Question 34

What are different interpretations of GDR by historians?

Answer 34

totalitarian, participatory dictatorship, niche society

Question 35

Examples of propaganda and censorship in the GDR?

Answer 35

restrictions on what could be written in newspapers, Frank Schobel told what to sing, people were arrested if they were caught watching Western TV

Question 36

How many people worked for the Stasi?

Answer 36

93 000 full time employees and 173 000 unofficial collaborators

Question 37

What were some of the practices of the Stasi?

Answer 37

infiltrated all spheres of life, phones bugged, mail checked, unrestricted access to files like medical records

Question 38

Changes for women in the GDR?

Answer 38

maternal care, creches, after school facilities so women could take on entry level jobs

Question 38

Changes for workers in the GDR?

Answer 38

increased opportunities and access to machinery, but little opportunity for workers’ voices to be heard

Question 39

Changes for the Church in the GDR?

Answer 39

1946: Law of democratisation of German schools - removed religious instructions
1954: imposition of the Youth dedication service - anti Christian, without it no access to further education

Question 40

Changes for the Youth in the GDR?

Answer 40

equal opportunities, technical skills - practical work 1 day a week, emphasis on STEM (polytechnic school), FDI, but support for Western culture at home

Question 41

How many people left from East to West Berlin due to Republicflucht?

Answer 41

6 million

Question 42

What did the Republicflucht mean?

Answer 42

loss of young, educated workers destabilised the economy, increasing ageing population

Question 43

What was Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum?

Answer 43

1958 - Giving the West 6 months to withdraw from Berlin or the only access to Berlin would be the GDR which would go against the Hallstein doctrine
he withdrew it due to increased contact with the USSR but then renewed it in 1961

Question 44

What were some reasons for the Berlin wall?

Answer 44

FDR used the emigration as propaganda to highlight the social and economic differences, West Berlin undermined the GDR state

Question 45

How many people attempted to escape?

Answer 45

over 100000

Question 46

Reasons why Ulbricht was able to convince Khrushchev of building the wall?

Answer 46

importance of GDR, geographical difference, Ulbricht’s personality, Beria and Malenkov as traitors, USSR needed to be seen as leader of Communism

Question 47

Impact of the Berlin wall?

Answer 47

stabilised tensions about Berlin, consolidated Khrushchev’s power, stabilised the GDR but also undermined its legitimacy, “failures of the Communist system”