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Germany 1919-63 > B > Flashcards

B Flashcards

1
Q

What were the weaknesses to Hitler’s position?

A

power was only due to ongoing economic situation, votes based on fear, no majority in the Reichstag, Hindenburg didn’t like him

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2
Q

Who was blamed for the Reichstag fire?

A

Marius van de Lubbe and therefore communists in general

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3
Q

What did the Decree of protection of the nation and the state involve?

A

suspension of civil rights, giving the secret police the power to hold people indefinitely

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4
Q

How was Hitler able to pass the Enabling act?

A

by forming a coalition with the Z party, which was due to the concordant made between Hitler and the Church in 1933

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5
Q

What was the Law against the formation of new parties?

A

all parties banned, and no parties could form so Germany became a 1 party state

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6
Q

What happened on May Day?

A

workers thought it was a day to celebrate them, but trade unions were seized and funds taken away -> became the DAF

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7
Q

What was the law for the reconstruction of the state?

A

local governments were overthrown by Gauliters

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8
Q

What caused the NOLK?

A

SA threat: social revolution, threat of a monarchist restoration, Reichswehr’s threat

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9
Q

What were the consequences of the NOLK?

A

SA purged and SS became separate, solidification of Hitler’s power, loyalty of the army

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10
Q

How many people were killed in the NOLK?

A

around 400

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11
Q

What were the aims of the Gleichschaltung?

A

to merge German society with Nazi institutions

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12
Q

What were the elements of the Gleichschaltung?

A

making Germany a 1 party state, subordinating the federal govs to central gov, getting rid of trade unions

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13
Q

What were the limitations of the Gleichschaltung?

A

Church retained its influence, army was still independent, businesses and civil servants remained independent

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14
Q

What was the Volksgemeinschaft?

A

a people’s community - loyal to Hitler and the Nazis

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15
Q

What was the Feudal state of Germany?

A

the people at the top had lots of power and lots of control

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16
Q

What was the cumulative radicalisation of Germany?

A

due to Working towards the Fuhrer, ministers did things that they thought aligned with Hitler’s belief, and competition led to increasingly radical policies

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17
Q

What was the polycratic chaos of Germany?

A

overlapping bodies so no clear power structure and responsibilities

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18
Q

What was working towards the Fuhrer?

A

others took responsibility to for trying to determine what Hitler wanted - competition, Social Darvinism

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19
Q

What was the Hitler Myth?

A

carefully cultivated image of Hitler as someone that personified the nation

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20
Q

Why was the Hitler Myth so popular?

A

satisfied people’s emotional need for a strong government, reinforced German tradition and was enhanced by propaganda

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21
Q

What were the consequences of the Hitler Myth?

A

covered up the failures and inconsistencies of the regime and gave Hitler more freedom, but also impaired Hitler’s judgement

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22
Q

What were the aims of the Nazi economy?

A

short-term: reduce unemployment (recovery)
long-term: rearmament

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23
Q

When and what was Schacht’s New Plan?

A

1934 - to recover from the Great depression

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24
Q

When and what was Goering’s Four year plan?

A

1936 - aim to make Germany ‘war ready’: establishing and autarky and rearmament

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25
Q

How was autarky achieved?

A

encouraging German farmers to grow more food, industries had to use raw materials available in Germany

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26
Q

What were the key measures of Recovery (New plan)?

A

public works schemes like Autobahn, RAC (youth), conscription, subsidies for hiring more workers

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27
Q

What was the impact of the rearmament? (4 year plan)

A

economy under great strains : tension between consumer goods and rearmament (guns vs butter)

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28
Q

How was unemployment solved?

A

statistics doctored, conscription, public work schemes

29
Q

What was the impact of Nazi economic policies on major industrialists?

A

benefited from the smashing of the independent labour movement but gov threatened them with sabotage if they opposed self-sufficiency

30
Q

What was the impact of Nazi economic policies on peasant farmers?

A

entailed farm law: ideological commitment to the German farmer, but tied people to farms

31
Q

What was the impact of Nazi economic policies on small business owners?

A

initially favoured by Law to Protect Retail Trade (taxes on large stores), but many went bankrupt due to increased costs & difficulty to compete

32
Q

What was the impact of Nazi economic policies on industrial workers?

A

DAF: took over role of trade unions
KdF: improved leisure activities
Beauty of work: improved facilities
RAD: compulsory labour service
However workers lost freedom to negotiate wages and political power

33
Q

What is the evidence that the Gestapo were everywhere and all-powerful?

A

by 1933, 26000 political prisoners, no authority to protect people from the secrets police,, thousands of Germans were rounded up into concentration camps

34
Q

What % of crimes handled by the gestapo were reported by citizens?

A

80-90%

35
Q

What and how was the image of the Gestapo curated?

A

as an all-powerful body, due to propaganda and personal views

36
Q

Why was the Gestapo so impactful?

A

widespread support of the state - consent, people used the Gestapo for selfish reasons, but also fear due to projected image

37
Q

In Dachau, how many cases handled by the Gestapo were reported by the public?

A

268/825

38
Q

What was the role of the SS?

A

defend Hitler, create a master race (conc camps)

39
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

A

laws designed to dehumanise Jewish people by taking away their citizenship and other rights(eg banned marriage between Jewish people and Aryans), its aim was to keep the Aryan race ‘pure’

40
Q

What was the aim of the Decree of excluding Jewish people from the German economy?

A

Aryanisatiom of the economy: terminated relevance of Jewish people in the German economy by taking away their valuables and firing them

41
Q

What was involved in the Kristallnacht?

A

Jewish homes, shops and synagogues were destroyed, many Jewish people were killed or taken to concentration camps

42
Q

What was the impact of the Kristallnacht?

A

treatment of Jewish people worsened significantly, however public opinion was divided and many felt sympathy for Jewish people

43
Q

Why were certain groups excluded in Nazi Germany?

A

Volksgemeischaft, racial hygiene

44
Q

What were the measures taken against disabled people?

A

1933 sterilisation law, hereditary health courts, mass gassing

45
Q

What were the measures taken against homosexuals?

A

Reich office for combatting homosexuality, 22000 imprisoned in 1938

46
Q

Why were the views of Christians and Nazis so different?

A

Christians = “God loves everyone”
Nazis = Social Darwinism, saw Hitler as the omnipotent figure instead of God

47
Q

What were the instances of Nazi cooperation with the Church?

A

nov 1933 Concordant with the Church to respect each others’ role

48
Q

What were the instances of Nazi hostility towards the Church?

A

1934: two bishops arrested
197: 200 priests on trial on currency trafficking offences
1935: 700 protestant ministers arrested for condemning neo-Paganism
discouraging of religious education

49
Q

What were the instances of Church opposition?

A

Protestant confessional church breaking away from the Reich church.
Confessional pastors circulate a message criticising Nazi ideology and policies.

50
Q

What was Stage 1 of Nazi control policies over the Church?

A

creation of unified Reich Church and concordat agreement with the Pope to remove Church from politics

51
Q

What was Stage 2 of Nazi weakening policies over the Church?

A

to make Protestantism more Nazified, undermine and reduce the influence of the Catholic Church by encouraging Nazi youth groups instead of Catholic groups

52
Q

What was Stage 3 of Nazi replacing policies over the Church?

A

to replace Christianity with German Faith movement

53
Q

How many Christians left the Church in 1937?

A

over 100 000

54
Q

What were the aims of censorship and propaganda?

A

to re-educate the German population with National Socialist values such as national unity, racial purity, cult of Fuhrer and hatred of enemies

55
Q

How did the regime attempt to create new social rituals?

A

using ‘Heil Hitler’, the Nazi salute, Horst Wessel anthem

56
Q

How was the press used for censorship and propaganda?

A

Editors Law: closed any oppositional newspapers, censorship of content using writers brief

57
Q

How was the radio used for censorship and propaganda?

A

by 1939 70% of households owned a radio, it broadcasted speeches and propaganda amongst music

58
Q

How were meetings and rallies used for censorship and propaganda?

A

mobilised base support, but those attending were already supporters

59
Q

What were other industries of propaganda and censorship?

A

Reich chamber of Art and Literature

60
Q

How did the Nazis attempt to influence workers?

A

DAF: basically became new trade unions and although unemployment declined, workers lost their rights

KdF: benefits of leisure activities and holidays but only for loyal workers

61
Q

What were the aims of the policies towards women?

A

to perpetuate expectations of an ideal Nazi woman

62
Q

What were the aims of the policies towards the youth?

A

to influence young, impressionable people so that they grow up aligned with Nazi views

63
Q

What were the successes of the policies towards women?

A

600RM for marriage loans (if unemployed), financial incentives/Mothers’ cross/Lebensborn/restriction of contraception to increase birth rate, marriages increased by 182 500 in 10 years, education and employment restricted

64
Q

What were the failures of the policies towards women?

A

by later 1930s, rearmament and labour shortage meant that women were forced back into work, some policies undermined others

65
Q

What were some organisations for women?

A

DFW: elite women committed to Nazi ideologies
NSF: umbrella organisation to bring women in line with Nazi ideologies

66
Q

Who was the ideal Nazi woman?

A

Gertrude Schaltz-Klink

67
Q

What were the successes of the policies towards the youth?

A

Regulations imposed on teachers (manual for teachers) and by 1936 over 70% of teachers were Nazis, pe and race studies
Youth groups: 1000+ students

68
Q

What were the failures of the policies towards the youth?

A

Nazi leaders didn’t send their children to Youth groups, 25% of students avoided German students’ league

69
Q

Who were the Edelweiss pirates?

A

group of culturally rebellious teenagers, sometimes more politicised (handing out leaflets by communists)

Germany 1919-63 (4 decks)

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